Biofouling of Membrane Systems.
Bucs, Szilárd.
Biofouling of Membrane Systems. - 1st ed. - 1 online resource (342 pages)
Cover -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- List of authors -- Chapter 1: New approaches to characterizing and understanding biofouling of spiral wound membrane systems -- Introduction -- Biofouling Studies -- Recent Microbiological Research into Characterizing Biofouling -- Flow Cell Studies -- Mathematical Modelling -- Conclusion -- Chapter 2: Effect of flow velocity, substrate concentration and hydraulic cleaning on biofouling of reverse osmosis feed channels -- Introduction -- Biofouling Model Description -- Model assumptions and equations -- Model solution -- Results and Discussion -- Effect of cross-flow velocity on biofilm development in the feed channel -- Biofilm influence on the permeate flux and pressure drop -- Hydraulic membrane cleaning -- Effect of inlet substrate concentration on biofouling -- Reproducibility of biofouling simulations -- Conclusions -- Chapter 3: Modelling the effect of biofilm formation on reverse osmosis performance: Flux, feed channel pressure drop and solute passage -- Introduction -- Model Development -- Model geometry -- Model equations -- Model parameters -- Model solution -- Results -- Biofilm development in the feed channel -- Effect of biofouling on global membrane performance -- Local effects of biofouling -- Discussion -- Concentration polarization and biofilm permeability -- Spacer importance -- Further model development and use -- Conclusions -- Chapter 4: Combined biofouling and scaling in membrane feed channels: A new modelling approach -- Introduction -- Model Description -- Geometry, phases, computational domains -- Fluid flow and solute transport -- Foulant development -- Model solution -- Results -- Dynamics of combined fouling in the feed channel -- Biofilm enhanced concentration polarization and scaling -- Effect of combined fouling on process performance -- Parameter sensitivity studies. Discussion -- Complexity of biofilm-precipitate interactions -- Benefits, limitations and extensions of the model -- Conclusions -- Chapter 5: Effect of different commercial feed spacers on biofouling of reverse osmosis membrane systems: A numerical study -- Introduction -- Model Description -- Spacer geometry -- Computational domain -- Liquid flow, substrate transport and biofilm formation -- Results -- Effect of linear flow velocity -- Effect of bacterial cell load -- Biomass location -- Spacer geometry -- Spacer shape and channel porosity -- Spacer thickness -- Discussion -- Numerical model evaluation -- Importance of feed spacer for biofouling -- Conclusions -- Chapter 6: In-situ biofilm characterization in membrane systems using Optical Coherence Tomography: Formation, structure, detachment and impact of flux change -- Introduction -- Model Description -- Experimental set-up -- Experiments and operational conditions -- Effect of permeate flux variations -- OCT and biofilm image data processing -- Results -- Biofilm development -- Biofilm detachment -- Effect of permeate flux variation on biofilm thickness and resistance -- Discussion -- Suitability of Optical Coherence Tomography -- Biofilm compaction -- Biofilm structures -- Perspective of OCT studies -- Application aspects -- Conclusions -- Chapter 7: Early non-destructive biofouling detection and spatial distribution: Application of oxygen sensing optodes -- Introduction -- Biofouling in NF/RO membranes -- Planar optodes -- Materials and Methods -- Experimental setup description -- Operating condition -- Dye and optode description -- Imaging system -- Image calculation and analysis -- Analysis of spatial indicators -- Cross-flow versus stop-flow imaging -- Results -- Pressure drop -- Oxygen concentration during cross-flow MFS operation -- Oxygen concentration during stop-flow MFS operation. Comparison of the three methods -- Discussion -- Early detection of biofouling development -- Spatially resolved biofouling development information -- Effect of stop-flow imaging on biofouling development -- Practical applications and future studies -- Conclusions -- Chapter 8: Chemical cleaning of biofouling in reverse osmosis membranes evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging -- Introduction -- Material and Methods -- Flow cells -- Fouling -- Cleaning -- MRI -- Results and Discussions -- Fouling and image analysis -- Different cleaning solutions -- Cleaning mechanism -- Effect of fouling time -- Link to feed channel pressure drop -- Conclusions -- Chapter 9: Early non-destructive biofouling detection in spiral wound RO membranes using a mobile earth's field NMR -- Introduction -- Background -- Relevant nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) theory -- NMR and biofilms -- Materials and Methodology -- NMR methods employed -- RO membrane module and test conditions -- Results and Discussion -- Visualisation of final fouled module -- EF NMR relaxation measurements -- Spin-echo measurements of total NMR signal -- Practical implications and further studies -- Conclusions -- Chapter 10: Experimental and numerical characterization of the water flow in spacer-filled channels of spiral-wound membranes -- Introduction -- Material and Methods -- Experimental -- Numerical model -- Results -- Flow pattern change over channel height -- Spatial reproducibility -- Steady and unsteady flow - effect of different flow velocities -- Measurements compared with CFD model -- Discussion -- Flow regimes -- Solute transfer -- CFD model -- Further studies -- Conclusions -- Chapter 11: Spacer geometry and particle deposition in spiral wound membrane feed channels -- Introduction -- Material and Methods -- Experiments -- Numerical model -- Results. Development of deposition pattern in time -- Effect of feed spacer orientation on particle deposition -- Effect of cross-flow velocity -- Effect of permeate production -- Discussion -- Importance of hydrodynamic conditions and spacer geometry -- Implications for practice -- Further studies -- Conclusions -- Chapter 12: Characterization of feed channel spacer performance using geometries obtained by X-ray computed tomography -- Introduction -- Material and Methods -- Spacer types -- Spacer geometry acquisition and processing -- Numerical model -- Experimental methods -- Measures for evaluation of different spacer geometries -- Results -- Geometric characteristics of feed channel spacers from CT scans -- Hydraulic characterization -- Discussion -- Feed channel spacer geometry -- Pressure drop measurements compared to model solutions using CT scans -- Friction due to strand shape and orientation -- Local membrane shear distribution -- Power input with respect to friction -- Spatial velocity distribution -- Mechanical deformation and membrane imprinting -- Further studies -- Conclusions -- Chapter 13: Development and characterization of 3D-printed feed spacers for spiral wound membrane systems -- Introduction -- Material and Methods -- Numerical modelling -- 3D printed feed spacers -- Microscopic observation -- Experimental set up -- Operating conditions -- Sampling and biomass analyses -- Results -- Numerical modeling and 3D printing of feed spacers -- Comparison of feed spacer from practice and 3D printed spacer with same geometry -- Comparison of feed spacer from practice and 3D printed spacer with modified geometry -- Discussion -- 3D printing technique to design modified geometry feed spacers -- A novel strategy to modify feed spacer geometry -- Suggestions for future studies -- Conclusions. Chapter 14: Strategies for biofouling mitigation in spiral wound membrane systems -- Introduction -- Biofouling control strategies -- Pre-treatment by water filtration and bacterial inactivation -- Membrane modification -- Feed spacer and hydrodynamics -- Spiral wound membrane modules cleaning strategies -- Future Research Directions -- Biofilm structural characterization -- Biofouling mitigation strategies -- Conclusions -- References -- Index.
9781780409597
Fouling.
Reverse osmosis.
Water-Purification-Membrane filtration.
Electronic books.
TP156.O7 .B837 2018
628.164
Biofouling of Membrane Systems. - 1st ed. - 1 online resource (342 pages)
Cover -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- List of authors -- Chapter 1: New approaches to characterizing and understanding biofouling of spiral wound membrane systems -- Introduction -- Biofouling Studies -- Recent Microbiological Research into Characterizing Biofouling -- Flow Cell Studies -- Mathematical Modelling -- Conclusion -- Chapter 2: Effect of flow velocity, substrate concentration and hydraulic cleaning on biofouling of reverse osmosis feed channels -- Introduction -- Biofouling Model Description -- Model assumptions and equations -- Model solution -- Results and Discussion -- Effect of cross-flow velocity on biofilm development in the feed channel -- Biofilm influence on the permeate flux and pressure drop -- Hydraulic membrane cleaning -- Effect of inlet substrate concentration on biofouling -- Reproducibility of biofouling simulations -- Conclusions -- Chapter 3: Modelling the effect of biofilm formation on reverse osmosis performance: Flux, feed channel pressure drop and solute passage -- Introduction -- Model Development -- Model geometry -- Model equations -- Model parameters -- Model solution -- Results -- Biofilm development in the feed channel -- Effect of biofouling on global membrane performance -- Local effects of biofouling -- Discussion -- Concentration polarization and biofilm permeability -- Spacer importance -- Further model development and use -- Conclusions -- Chapter 4: Combined biofouling and scaling in membrane feed channels: A new modelling approach -- Introduction -- Model Description -- Geometry, phases, computational domains -- Fluid flow and solute transport -- Foulant development -- Model solution -- Results -- Dynamics of combined fouling in the feed channel -- Biofilm enhanced concentration polarization and scaling -- Effect of combined fouling on process performance -- Parameter sensitivity studies. Discussion -- Complexity of biofilm-precipitate interactions -- Benefits, limitations and extensions of the model -- Conclusions -- Chapter 5: Effect of different commercial feed spacers on biofouling of reverse osmosis membrane systems: A numerical study -- Introduction -- Model Description -- Spacer geometry -- Computational domain -- Liquid flow, substrate transport and biofilm formation -- Results -- Effect of linear flow velocity -- Effect of bacterial cell load -- Biomass location -- Spacer geometry -- Spacer shape and channel porosity -- Spacer thickness -- Discussion -- Numerical model evaluation -- Importance of feed spacer for biofouling -- Conclusions -- Chapter 6: In-situ biofilm characterization in membrane systems using Optical Coherence Tomography: Formation, structure, detachment and impact of flux change -- Introduction -- Model Description -- Experimental set-up -- Experiments and operational conditions -- Effect of permeate flux variations -- OCT and biofilm image data processing -- Results -- Biofilm development -- Biofilm detachment -- Effect of permeate flux variation on biofilm thickness and resistance -- Discussion -- Suitability of Optical Coherence Tomography -- Biofilm compaction -- Biofilm structures -- Perspective of OCT studies -- Application aspects -- Conclusions -- Chapter 7: Early non-destructive biofouling detection and spatial distribution: Application of oxygen sensing optodes -- Introduction -- Biofouling in NF/RO membranes -- Planar optodes -- Materials and Methods -- Experimental setup description -- Operating condition -- Dye and optode description -- Imaging system -- Image calculation and analysis -- Analysis of spatial indicators -- Cross-flow versus stop-flow imaging -- Results -- Pressure drop -- Oxygen concentration during cross-flow MFS operation -- Oxygen concentration during stop-flow MFS operation. Comparison of the three methods -- Discussion -- Early detection of biofouling development -- Spatially resolved biofouling development information -- Effect of stop-flow imaging on biofouling development -- Practical applications and future studies -- Conclusions -- Chapter 8: Chemical cleaning of biofouling in reverse osmosis membranes evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging -- Introduction -- Material and Methods -- Flow cells -- Fouling -- Cleaning -- MRI -- Results and Discussions -- Fouling and image analysis -- Different cleaning solutions -- Cleaning mechanism -- Effect of fouling time -- Link to feed channel pressure drop -- Conclusions -- Chapter 9: Early non-destructive biofouling detection in spiral wound RO membranes using a mobile earth's field NMR -- Introduction -- Background -- Relevant nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) theory -- NMR and biofilms -- Materials and Methodology -- NMR methods employed -- RO membrane module and test conditions -- Results and Discussion -- Visualisation of final fouled module -- EF NMR relaxation measurements -- Spin-echo measurements of total NMR signal -- Practical implications and further studies -- Conclusions -- Chapter 10: Experimental and numerical characterization of the water flow in spacer-filled channels of spiral-wound membranes -- Introduction -- Material and Methods -- Experimental -- Numerical model -- Results -- Flow pattern change over channel height -- Spatial reproducibility -- Steady and unsteady flow - effect of different flow velocities -- Measurements compared with CFD model -- Discussion -- Flow regimes -- Solute transfer -- CFD model -- Further studies -- Conclusions -- Chapter 11: Spacer geometry and particle deposition in spiral wound membrane feed channels -- Introduction -- Material and Methods -- Experiments -- Numerical model -- Results. Development of deposition pattern in time -- Effect of feed spacer orientation on particle deposition -- Effect of cross-flow velocity -- Effect of permeate production -- Discussion -- Importance of hydrodynamic conditions and spacer geometry -- Implications for practice -- Further studies -- Conclusions -- Chapter 12: Characterization of feed channel spacer performance using geometries obtained by X-ray computed tomography -- Introduction -- Material and Methods -- Spacer types -- Spacer geometry acquisition and processing -- Numerical model -- Experimental methods -- Measures for evaluation of different spacer geometries -- Results -- Geometric characteristics of feed channel spacers from CT scans -- Hydraulic characterization -- Discussion -- Feed channel spacer geometry -- Pressure drop measurements compared to model solutions using CT scans -- Friction due to strand shape and orientation -- Local membrane shear distribution -- Power input with respect to friction -- Spatial velocity distribution -- Mechanical deformation and membrane imprinting -- Further studies -- Conclusions -- Chapter 13: Development and characterization of 3D-printed feed spacers for spiral wound membrane systems -- Introduction -- Material and Methods -- Numerical modelling -- 3D printed feed spacers -- Microscopic observation -- Experimental set up -- Operating conditions -- Sampling and biomass analyses -- Results -- Numerical modeling and 3D printing of feed spacers -- Comparison of feed spacer from practice and 3D printed spacer with same geometry -- Comparison of feed spacer from practice and 3D printed spacer with modified geometry -- Discussion -- 3D printing technique to design modified geometry feed spacers -- A novel strategy to modify feed spacer geometry -- Suggestions for future studies -- Conclusions. Chapter 14: Strategies for biofouling mitigation in spiral wound membrane systems -- Introduction -- Biofouling control strategies -- Pre-treatment by water filtration and bacterial inactivation -- Membrane modification -- Feed spacer and hydrodynamics -- Spiral wound membrane modules cleaning strategies -- Future Research Directions -- Biofilm structural characterization -- Biofouling mitigation strategies -- Conclusions -- References -- Index.
9781780409597
Fouling.
Reverse osmosis.
Water-Purification-Membrane filtration.
Electronic books.
TP156.O7 .B837 2018
628.164