Drinking Water and Health, Volume 9 : Selected Issues in Risk Assessment.
Drinking Water and Health, Volume 9 : Selected Issues in Risk Assessment.
- 1st ed.
- 1 online resource (282 pages)
Drinking Water and Health -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- Contents -- PART I DNA ADDUCTS -- Executive Summary -- 1 Biologic Significance of DNA Adducts and Protein Adducts -- DYNAMICS OF DNA-ADDUCT FORMATION AND REMOVAL -- DNA-Adduct Formation Rates -- DNA Repair -- SITE RELEVANCE -- Alkylation -- Base Mispairing -- Hydrolysis -- Phosphate Adducts -- Cross-Links -- DNA ADDUCTS AND TOXIC EFFECTS -- In Vitro Short-Term Bioassay -- In Vivo Germ Cell Mutation -- Tumorigenesis in Animal Models -- Single-Dose Exposures of Animals -- Chronic Exposures of Animals -- Studies in Humans -- PROTEIN ADDUCTS -- SUMMARY -- References -- 2 DNA-Adduct Technology -- TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTING DNA ADDUCTS -- Chromatographic and Spectrometric Methods -- Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS) -- High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -- Atomic-Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) -- Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) -- Fluorescence Line-Narrowing Spectrometry (FLNS) -- Ultraviolet Radiation/High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UV/HPLC) -- Gas Chromatography/Electron Capture Negative Ion Mass Spectrometry (GC/ECNIMS) -- Quantitative Immunoassays -- Radioimmunoassay (RIA) -- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) -- Ultrasensitive Enzymatic Radioimmunoassay (USERIA) -- Immunohistochemical Techniques -- 32P-Postlabeling Technique -- TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTING PROTEIN ADDUCTS -- SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY -- APPLICATIONS OF DNA ADDUCT TECHNOLOGY -- General Utility in Risk Assessment -- Epidemiology and Human Monitoring -- References -- 3 Conclusions and Recommendations -- Appendix A Drinking Water Contaminant Candidates for Development of Baseline Data on Formation of DNA Adducts -- CONTAMINANTS THAT DEFINITELY FORM DNA ADDUCTS -- Acrylamide -- Benzo[α]Pyrene (Bαp) -- Chromium -- Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) -- Ethylene Dibromide (EDB). A CONTAMINANT THAT PROBABLY FORMS DNA ADDUCTS -- Trichlorfon -- CONTAMINANTS THAT POSSIBLY FORM DNA ADDUCTS -- Diallate -- Sulfallate -- Chloropropanes And Chloropropenes -- Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) And Mono(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (MEHP) -- CONTAMINANTS ON WHICH THERE IS NO EVIDENCE OF DNA-ADDUCT FORMATION -- Arsenic -- Nitrofen -- Pentachlorophenol -- REFERENCES -- Glossary -- Biographical Sketches -- SUBCOMMITTEE ON DNA ADDUCTS -- PART II MIXTURES -- Executive Summary -- APPROACHES FOR PROBLEM RESOLUTION -- GROUPING CHEMICALS FOR ESTIMATION OF COMBINED RISK -- USING PHYSIOLOGICALLY BASED PHARMACOKINETIC MODELING -- STATISTICAL APPROACHES FOR REDUCING EXPERIMENTATION (RESPONSE-SURFACE DESIGNS AND FRACTIONAL FACTORIALS) -- ASSESSING EXPOSURE -- APPLICATIONS-PROBLEMS OF EXPOSURE -- MIXTURES OF CARCINOGENS -- OTHER ISSUES -- 1 Introduction -- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY -- CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS -- GROUPING CHEMICALS FOR ESTIMATION OF COMBINED RISK -- STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT -- References -- 2 Pharmacokinetics and the Risk Assessment of Drinking Water Contaminants -- PHYSIOLOGICALLY BASED PHARMACOKINETICS -- EXTRAPOLATION BETWEEN INHALATION AND DRINKING WATER ROUTES -- PHARMACOKINETICS INVOLVING INTERACTIONS -- PHARMACOKINETICS AND TOXIC MECHANISMS OF MULTIPLE CHEMICAL EXPOSURE -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDED RESEARCH -- References -- 3 Risk Assessment of Mixtures of Systemic Toxicants in Drinking Water -- THE PROBLEM OF SYNERGISM -- THE CONCEPT OF COMMONALITY -- MODIFYING THE HAZARD INDEX -- Other Risk-Oriented Approaches -- Grouping Agents with Common Toxicities -- Incorporating an Uncertainty Factor for Synergism -- Other Considerations -- RESPONSE-SURFACE MODELING -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 4 Assessment of Exposure to Organophosphorus Compounds, Carbamates, and Volatile Organic Chemicals. OCCURRENCE OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS AND CARBAMATES IN DRINKING WATER -- Aldicarb -- Carbaryl -- Carbofuran -- Diazinon -- Fonofos -- Malathion -- Methyl parathion -- Terbufos -- OCCURRENCE OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN DRINKING WATER -- ROUTES OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO CHEMICALS IN DRINKING WATER -- CONSIDERATIONS OF TOTAL EXPOSURE -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- 5 Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Case Study of Mixtures of Contaminants with Similar Biologic Effects -- TOXICITY -- Mechanisms -- Metabolism-Toxicity Relationships -- Organophosphorus Compounds -- Carbamates -- INTERACTIONS -- Reported Data -- Degrees of Interaction -- CONCLUSIONS -- RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MIXTURES OF ANTICHOLINESTERASES -- References -- 6 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): Risk Assessment of Mixtures of Potentially Carcinogenic Chemicals -- RISK ASSESSMENT METHODS -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- 7 Conclusions and Recommendations for Research -- Appendix A An Approach for Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Chemicals in Drinking Water That Uses Experimental Inhalat... -- REFERENCE -- Appendix B A Model Illustrating Synergism -- Appendix C Models of Response: Dose Additivity and Response Additivity -- DOSE ADDITIVITY -- RESPONSE ADDITIVITY -- REFERENCE -- Biographical Sketches -- SUBCOMMITTEE ON MIXTURES -- PART III CUMULATIVE INDEX -- Cumulative Index.
9780309542920
Drinking water-Contamination.
Drinking water-Health aspects-United States.
Electronic books.
RA591 .S45 1989
Drinking Water and Health -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- Contents -- PART I DNA ADDUCTS -- Executive Summary -- 1 Biologic Significance of DNA Adducts and Protein Adducts -- DYNAMICS OF DNA-ADDUCT FORMATION AND REMOVAL -- DNA-Adduct Formation Rates -- DNA Repair -- SITE RELEVANCE -- Alkylation -- Base Mispairing -- Hydrolysis -- Phosphate Adducts -- Cross-Links -- DNA ADDUCTS AND TOXIC EFFECTS -- In Vitro Short-Term Bioassay -- In Vivo Germ Cell Mutation -- Tumorigenesis in Animal Models -- Single-Dose Exposures of Animals -- Chronic Exposures of Animals -- Studies in Humans -- PROTEIN ADDUCTS -- SUMMARY -- References -- 2 DNA-Adduct Technology -- TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTING DNA ADDUCTS -- Chromatographic and Spectrometric Methods -- Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS) -- High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -- Atomic-Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) -- Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) -- Fluorescence Line-Narrowing Spectrometry (FLNS) -- Ultraviolet Radiation/High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UV/HPLC) -- Gas Chromatography/Electron Capture Negative Ion Mass Spectrometry (GC/ECNIMS) -- Quantitative Immunoassays -- Radioimmunoassay (RIA) -- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) -- Ultrasensitive Enzymatic Radioimmunoassay (USERIA) -- Immunohistochemical Techniques -- 32P-Postlabeling Technique -- TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTING PROTEIN ADDUCTS -- SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY -- APPLICATIONS OF DNA ADDUCT TECHNOLOGY -- General Utility in Risk Assessment -- Epidemiology and Human Monitoring -- References -- 3 Conclusions and Recommendations -- Appendix A Drinking Water Contaminant Candidates for Development of Baseline Data on Formation of DNA Adducts -- CONTAMINANTS THAT DEFINITELY FORM DNA ADDUCTS -- Acrylamide -- Benzo[α]Pyrene (Bαp) -- Chromium -- Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) -- Ethylene Dibromide (EDB). A CONTAMINANT THAT PROBABLY FORMS DNA ADDUCTS -- Trichlorfon -- CONTAMINANTS THAT POSSIBLY FORM DNA ADDUCTS -- Diallate -- Sulfallate -- Chloropropanes And Chloropropenes -- Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) And Mono(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (MEHP) -- CONTAMINANTS ON WHICH THERE IS NO EVIDENCE OF DNA-ADDUCT FORMATION -- Arsenic -- Nitrofen -- Pentachlorophenol -- REFERENCES -- Glossary -- Biographical Sketches -- SUBCOMMITTEE ON DNA ADDUCTS -- PART II MIXTURES -- Executive Summary -- APPROACHES FOR PROBLEM RESOLUTION -- GROUPING CHEMICALS FOR ESTIMATION OF COMBINED RISK -- USING PHYSIOLOGICALLY BASED PHARMACOKINETIC MODELING -- STATISTICAL APPROACHES FOR REDUCING EXPERIMENTATION (RESPONSE-SURFACE DESIGNS AND FRACTIONAL FACTORIALS) -- ASSESSING EXPOSURE -- APPLICATIONS-PROBLEMS OF EXPOSURE -- MIXTURES OF CARCINOGENS -- OTHER ISSUES -- 1 Introduction -- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY -- CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS -- GROUPING CHEMICALS FOR ESTIMATION OF COMBINED RISK -- STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT -- References -- 2 Pharmacokinetics and the Risk Assessment of Drinking Water Contaminants -- PHYSIOLOGICALLY BASED PHARMACOKINETICS -- EXTRAPOLATION BETWEEN INHALATION AND DRINKING WATER ROUTES -- PHARMACOKINETICS INVOLVING INTERACTIONS -- PHARMACOKINETICS AND TOXIC MECHANISMS OF MULTIPLE CHEMICAL EXPOSURE -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDED RESEARCH -- References -- 3 Risk Assessment of Mixtures of Systemic Toxicants in Drinking Water -- THE PROBLEM OF SYNERGISM -- THE CONCEPT OF COMMONALITY -- MODIFYING THE HAZARD INDEX -- Other Risk-Oriented Approaches -- Grouping Agents with Common Toxicities -- Incorporating an Uncertainty Factor for Synergism -- Other Considerations -- RESPONSE-SURFACE MODELING -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 4 Assessment of Exposure to Organophosphorus Compounds, Carbamates, and Volatile Organic Chemicals. OCCURRENCE OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS AND CARBAMATES IN DRINKING WATER -- Aldicarb -- Carbaryl -- Carbofuran -- Diazinon -- Fonofos -- Malathion -- Methyl parathion -- Terbufos -- OCCURRENCE OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN DRINKING WATER -- ROUTES OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO CHEMICALS IN DRINKING WATER -- CONSIDERATIONS OF TOTAL EXPOSURE -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- 5 Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Case Study of Mixtures of Contaminants with Similar Biologic Effects -- TOXICITY -- Mechanisms -- Metabolism-Toxicity Relationships -- Organophosphorus Compounds -- Carbamates -- INTERACTIONS -- Reported Data -- Degrees of Interaction -- CONCLUSIONS -- RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MIXTURES OF ANTICHOLINESTERASES -- References -- 6 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): Risk Assessment of Mixtures of Potentially Carcinogenic Chemicals -- RISK ASSESSMENT METHODS -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- 7 Conclusions and Recommendations for Research -- Appendix A An Approach for Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Chemicals in Drinking Water That Uses Experimental Inhalat... -- REFERENCE -- Appendix B A Model Illustrating Synergism -- Appendix C Models of Response: Dose Additivity and Response Additivity -- DOSE ADDITIVITY -- RESPONSE ADDITIVITY -- REFERENCE -- Biographical Sketches -- SUBCOMMITTEE ON MIXTURES -- PART III CUMULATIVE INDEX -- Cumulative Index.
9780309542920
Drinking water-Contamination.
Drinking water-Health aspects-United States.
Electronic books.
RA591 .S45 1989