Spinal Deformities : The Essentials.
Heary, Robert F.
Spinal Deformities : The Essentials. - 2nd ed. - 1 online resource (264 pages)
Spinal Deformities: The Essentials -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contributors -- Principles of Spinal Deformities -- 1 The History and Overview of Spinal Deformity -- 1.1 The History of Spinal Deformity -- 1.2 Overview of Spinal Deformity -- 1.3 Spinal Deformity Terms and Principles -- 1.4 Evaluation of the Patient with a Spinal Deformity -- 1.5 Indications for Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery -- 1.6 Operative Treatments -- 1.7 Postoperative Considerations -- 1.8 Results and Complications -- 1.9 Future Developments -- 1.10 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Measuring Value in Spinal Deformity Care -- 2.1 The Importance of Health Care Economics -- 2.2 Outcome Measures in Spinal Deformity Surgery -- 2.3 Minimum Clinically Important Difference and Substantial Clinical Benefit -- 2.4 QALYs, ICER, and Value in Health Care Decision Making -- 2.5 Value in Spinal Deformity Care -- 2.6 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Intraoperative Neuromonitoring in Spinal Deformity Surgery -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Neurophysiological Monitoring Techniques -- 3.2.1 Somatosensory Evoked Potentials -- 3.2.2 Transcranial Electric Motor Evoked Potentials -- 3.2.3 The H-Reflex -- 3.2.4 Electromyography -- 3.2.5 Stimulated Electromyography -- 3.2.6 The Transpsoas Approach -- 3.3 The Role of IONM in Monitoring Patient Positioning -- 3.4 Pathophysiology of Evoked Potential and Electromyography Changes -- 3.5 Effects of Anesthetics on Neurophysiological Signals -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Anatomy and Evaluation of Spinal Alignment -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Deformity -- 4.2.1 Coronal Alignment Angles and Displacements -- Regional Spinal Alignment -- Pelvic Alignment -- Global Spinal Alignment -- Sagittal Alignment Angles and Displacements -- Regional Spinal Alignment. Pelvic Alignment -- Global Spinal Alignment -- 4.3 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Anatomical Variants with Spinal Deformity -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Vertebral Body -- 5.2.1 Idiopathic Scoliosis -- 5.2.2 Congenital/Dysplastic and Isthmic Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis -- 5.2.3 Scheuermann Kyphosis -- 5.3 Ribs -- 5.4 Pedicles -- 5.5 Spinous Processes -- 5.6 Facet Joints and Pars Interarticularis -- 5.7 Spinal Cord -- 5.8 Vascular Structures -- 5.8.1 Aorta -- 5.8.2 Segmental Vessels -- References -- 6 The Importance of the Sacrum and Pelvis in Deformity Evaluation and Treatment -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Pelvic Radiographic Parameters and Compensation -- 6.3 Evaluation -- 6.4 Classification -- 6.5 Treatment -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- 7 The Lenke Classification System for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Radiographic Measurements -- 7.3 Classification Schemes for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis -- 7.4 Lenke AIS Classification System -- 7.5 Operative Treatment of AIS According to Curve Types -- 7.5.1 Type 1: Main Thoracic Curves -- 7.5.2 Type 2: Double Thoracic Curves -- 7.5.3 Type 3: Double Major Curves -- 7.5.4 Type 4: Triple Major Curves -- 7.5.5 Type 5: Thoracolumbar/Lumbar Curves -- 7.5.6 Type 6: Thoracolumbar/Lumbar-Main Thoracic Curves -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Principles of Sagittal Plane Deformity -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Assessment of Sagittal and Spinopelvic Alignment -- 8.2 Clinical Correlations of Sagittal Spinopelvic Alignment -- 8.3 Sagittal Spinopelvic Alignment: Surgical Planning and Treatment -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Principles of Coronal Plane Deformity -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Clinical Evaluation of Coronal Balance -- 9.3 Radiographic Evaluation of Coronal Balance -- 9.4 Coronal Balance in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. 9.5 Coronal Balance in Adult Idiopathic Scoliosis -- 9.5.1 Thoracic Major Curves -- 9.5.2 Thoracolumbar and Lumbar Major Curves -- 9.5.3 Lumbosacral Fractional Curves -- 9.6 Coronal Balance in de Novo Degenerative Scoliosis -- 9.7 Coronal Balance in Congenital Scoliosis -- 9.8 Coronal Balance in Complex Severe Multiplanar Deformities -- 9.8.1 Posterior Vertebral Osteotomies -- 9.8.2 Anterior-Posterior Vertebral Osteotomies -- 9.8.3 Vertebral Column Resection -- 9.9 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Flexible versus Fixed Spinal Deformity -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Structural Characteristics of Pediatric and Adult Deformities -- 10.3 Radiographic Evaluation of the Deformity: Is It Fixed or Flexible? -- 10.4 Spinopelvic Parameters -- 10.5 Smith-Petersen and Pedicle Subtraction Osteotomies and Vertebral Column Resection in the Treatment of Fixed Spinal Deformities -- 10.6 Alignment and Flexibility Issues Impacting Surgical Management of Pediatric and Adult Spinal Deformity -- 10.7 Conclusion -- References -- 11 The Natural History of Spinal Deformity -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Juvenile Idiopathic Scoliosis -- 11.3 The Natural History -- 11.4 Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis -- 11.4.1 Prevalence -- 11.4.2 The Natural History -- 11.4.3 The Natural History of Preskeletal Maturity -- 11.4.4 The Natural History of Postskeletal Maturity Scholiosis -- References -- Treatment of Spinal Deformities -- 12 Congenital Scoliosis -- 12.1 Classification and Terminology -- 12.2 Genetics -- 12.3 Patient Evaluation -- 12.4 The Natural History -- 12.5 Nonoperative Treatment -- 12.5.1 Periodic Observation -- 12.5.2 Orthoses -- 12.6 Surgical Treatment -- 12.6.1 Posterior Spinal Arthrodesis -- 12.6.2 Combined Anterior and Posterior Arthrodesis -- 12.6.3 Combined Anterior and Posterior Hemiepiphyseodesis and Hemiarthrodesis -- 12.6.4 Hemivertebra Excision and Fusion. 12.6.5 Thoracic Expansion Surgery -- 12.6.6 Vertebral Column Resection -- 12.7 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Early-Onset Scoliosis -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Classification of Early-Onset Scoliosis -- 13.3 The Natural History -- 13.4 Growth of the Lungs and Spine -- 13.5 Clinical Evaluation -- 13.6 Radiographic Evaluation -- 13.7 Nonoperative Treatment -- 13.8 Surgical Treatment -- 13.9 Vertical Expandable Prosthetic Titanium Rib -- 13.10 Guided-Growth Techniques -- 13.11 Outcome Measures in Early-Onset Scoliosis -- 13.12 Complications -- 13.12.1 How to Minimize Complications in Growing Rod Surgery -- 13.13 Magnetically Controlled Growing Rods -- 13.14 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Neuromuscular Scoliosis -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Classification -- 14.3 Nonoperative Treatment -- 14.4 Surgical Treatment -- 14.4.1 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy -- 14.4.2 Spinal Cord Injury -- 14.4.3 Myelomeningocele -- References -- 15 Anterior Surgery for Thoracic Scoliosis -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Anterior Fusion with or without Instrumentation -- 15.2.1 Classification of Thoracic Scoliosis -- 15.2.2 Indications for Anterior Surgical Approach for Thoracic Scoliosis -- 15.2.3 Contraindications for Anterior Instrumentation and Fusion Approach for Thoracic Scoliosis -- 15.3 Surgical Treatment -- 15.3.1 Open Technique -- Indications for the Open Technique -- Technique -- Results of the Open Technique -- 15.3.2 Thoracoscopic Technique -- Fusion Levels -- Technique -- Results of the Thoracoscopic Technique of Anterior Instrumentation and Fusion -- 15.4 Other Issues Associated with Anterior Spinal Fusion -- 15.4.1 Spontaneous Correction of the Lumbar Curve and Proximal Thoracic Curve -- 15.4.2 Pulmonary Function -- 15.4.3 Progressive Sagittal Kyphosis -- 15.5 Fusionless Anterior Surgery for Spinal Deformity -- 15.5.1 The Natural History. 15.5.2 Vertebral Body Stapling -- Indications for Vertebral Body Stapling -- Surgical Technique for Vertebral Body Stapling -- Results of Vertebral Body Stapling -- 15.5.3 Vertebral Body Tethering -- Indications -- Surgical Technique -- Preliminary Results of Vertebral Body Tethering -- 15.6 Conclusion -- References -- 16 Posterior Approach in Thoracic Deformity -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Surgical Anatomy -- 16.3 Selection of Posterior versus Anterior Spinal Fusion -- 16.4 Surgical Technique -- 16.4.1 Results -- 16.4.2 Complications -- 16.5 Conclusion -- References -- 17 Lateral Interbody Fusion Approaches in Spinal Deformity -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Patient Evaluation -- 17.3 Radiographic Assessment -- 17.4 Indication -- 17.5 Treatment Options -- 17.6 Lateral Approach: Surgical Technique and Outcomes -- 17.7 Complications -- References -- 18 Anterior-Posterior Surgery for Spinal Deformity -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Patient Evaluation -- 18.3 Radiographic Assessment -- 18.4 Indications -- 18.4.1 Pediatric Deformity -- 18.4.2 Adult Deformity -- 18.5 Treatment Options -- 18.5.1 Staging -- Surgical Techniques -- Postoperative Care -- 18.6 Complications -- 18.7 Conclusion -- References -- 19 Minimally Invasive Surgery for Adult Spinal Deformities -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Lateral Interbody Fusion with Percutaneous Screw Fixation -- 19.3 Multilevel MIS Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion -- 19.3.1 Surgical Technique -- 19.4 Mini-Open Pedicle Subtraction Osteotomy -- 19.4.1 Surgical Technique -- 19.4.2 Future Directions -- 19.5 Conflict of Interest Statement -- References -- 20 Scheuermann Kyphosis -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Normal Sagittal Alignment -- 20.2.1 Anatomy -- 20.3 Pathomechanics of Kyphotic Spinal Deformities -- 20.3.1 Scheuermann Kyphosis -- 20.3.2 Etiology and Pathogenesis. 20.3.3 Clinical and Radiographic Findings and the Natural History.
9781604064124
Spine -- Abnormalities -- Surgery.
Scoliosis -- Surgery.
Electronic books.
RD768
617.4/820441
Spinal Deformities : The Essentials. - 2nd ed. - 1 online resource (264 pages)
Spinal Deformities: The Essentials -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contributors -- Principles of Spinal Deformities -- 1 The History and Overview of Spinal Deformity -- 1.1 The History of Spinal Deformity -- 1.2 Overview of Spinal Deformity -- 1.3 Spinal Deformity Terms and Principles -- 1.4 Evaluation of the Patient with a Spinal Deformity -- 1.5 Indications for Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery -- 1.6 Operative Treatments -- 1.7 Postoperative Considerations -- 1.8 Results and Complications -- 1.9 Future Developments -- 1.10 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Measuring Value in Spinal Deformity Care -- 2.1 The Importance of Health Care Economics -- 2.2 Outcome Measures in Spinal Deformity Surgery -- 2.3 Minimum Clinically Important Difference and Substantial Clinical Benefit -- 2.4 QALYs, ICER, and Value in Health Care Decision Making -- 2.5 Value in Spinal Deformity Care -- 2.6 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Intraoperative Neuromonitoring in Spinal Deformity Surgery -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Neurophysiological Monitoring Techniques -- 3.2.1 Somatosensory Evoked Potentials -- 3.2.2 Transcranial Electric Motor Evoked Potentials -- 3.2.3 The H-Reflex -- 3.2.4 Electromyography -- 3.2.5 Stimulated Electromyography -- 3.2.6 The Transpsoas Approach -- 3.3 The Role of IONM in Monitoring Patient Positioning -- 3.4 Pathophysiology of Evoked Potential and Electromyography Changes -- 3.5 Effects of Anesthetics on Neurophysiological Signals -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Anatomy and Evaluation of Spinal Alignment -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Deformity -- 4.2.1 Coronal Alignment Angles and Displacements -- Regional Spinal Alignment -- Pelvic Alignment -- Global Spinal Alignment -- Sagittal Alignment Angles and Displacements -- Regional Spinal Alignment. Pelvic Alignment -- Global Spinal Alignment -- 4.3 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Anatomical Variants with Spinal Deformity -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Vertebral Body -- 5.2.1 Idiopathic Scoliosis -- 5.2.2 Congenital/Dysplastic and Isthmic Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis -- 5.2.3 Scheuermann Kyphosis -- 5.3 Ribs -- 5.4 Pedicles -- 5.5 Spinous Processes -- 5.6 Facet Joints and Pars Interarticularis -- 5.7 Spinal Cord -- 5.8 Vascular Structures -- 5.8.1 Aorta -- 5.8.2 Segmental Vessels -- References -- 6 The Importance of the Sacrum and Pelvis in Deformity Evaluation and Treatment -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Pelvic Radiographic Parameters and Compensation -- 6.3 Evaluation -- 6.4 Classification -- 6.5 Treatment -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- 7 The Lenke Classification System for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Radiographic Measurements -- 7.3 Classification Schemes for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis -- 7.4 Lenke AIS Classification System -- 7.5 Operative Treatment of AIS According to Curve Types -- 7.5.1 Type 1: Main Thoracic Curves -- 7.5.2 Type 2: Double Thoracic Curves -- 7.5.3 Type 3: Double Major Curves -- 7.5.4 Type 4: Triple Major Curves -- 7.5.5 Type 5: Thoracolumbar/Lumbar Curves -- 7.5.6 Type 6: Thoracolumbar/Lumbar-Main Thoracic Curves -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Principles of Sagittal Plane Deformity -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Assessment of Sagittal and Spinopelvic Alignment -- 8.2 Clinical Correlations of Sagittal Spinopelvic Alignment -- 8.3 Sagittal Spinopelvic Alignment: Surgical Planning and Treatment -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Principles of Coronal Plane Deformity -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Clinical Evaluation of Coronal Balance -- 9.3 Radiographic Evaluation of Coronal Balance -- 9.4 Coronal Balance in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. 9.5 Coronal Balance in Adult Idiopathic Scoliosis -- 9.5.1 Thoracic Major Curves -- 9.5.2 Thoracolumbar and Lumbar Major Curves -- 9.5.3 Lumbosacral Fractional Curves -- 9.6 Coronal Balance in de Novo Degenerative Scoliosis -- 9.7 Coronal Balance in Congenital Scoliosis -- 9.8 Coronal Balance in Complex Severe Multiplanar Deformities -- 9.8.1 Posterior Vertebral Osteotomies -- 9.8.2 Anterior-Posterior Vertebral Osteotomies -- 9.8.3 Vertebral Column Resection -- 9.9 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Flexible versus Fixed Spinal Deformity -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Structural Characteristics of Pediatric and Adult Deformities -- 10.3 Radiographic Evaluation of the Deformity: Is It Fixed or Flexible? -- 10.4 Spinopelvic Parameters -- 10.5 Smith-Petersen and Pedicle Subtraction Osteotomies and Vertebral Column Resection in the Treatment of Fixed Spinal Deformities -- 10.6 Alignment and Flexibility Issues Impacting Surgical Management of Pediatric and Adult Spinal Deformity -- 10.7 Conclusion -- References -- 11 The Natural History of Spinal Deformity -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Juvenile Idiopathic Scoliosis -- 11.3 The Natural History -- 11.4 Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis -- 11.4.1 Prevalence -- 11.4.2 The Natural History -- 11.4.3 The Natural History of Preskeletal Maturity -- 11.4.4 The Natural History of Postskeletal Maturity Scholiosis -- References -- Treatment of Spinal Deformities -- 12 Congenital Scoliosis -- 12.1 Classification and Terminology -- 12.2 Genetics -- 12.3 Patient Evaluation -- 12.4 The Natural History -- 12.5 Nonoperative Treatment -- 12.5.1 Periodic Observation -- 12.5.2 Orthoses -- 12.6 Surgical Treatment -- 12.6.1 Posterior Spinal Arthrodesis -- 12.6.2 Combined Anterior and Posterior Arthrodesis -- 12.6.3 Combined Anterior and Posterior Hemiepiphyseodesis and Hemiarthrodesis -- 12.6.4 Hemivertebra Excision and Fusion. 12.6.5 Thoracic Expansion Surgery -- 12.6.6 Vertebral Column Resection -- 12.7 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Early-Onset Scoliosis -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Classification of Early-Onset Scoliosis -- 13.3 The Natural History -- 13.4 Growth of the Lungs and Spine -- 13.5 Clinical Evaluation -- 13.6 Radiographic Evaluation -- 13.7 Nonoperative Treatment -- 13.8 Surgical Treatment -- 13.9 Vertical Expandable Prosthetic Titanium Rib -- 13.10 Guided-Growth Techniques -- 13.11 Outcome Measures in Early-Onset Scoliosis -- 13.12 Complications -- 13.12.1 How to Minimize Complications in Growing Rod Surgery -- 13.13 Magnetically Controlled Growing Rods -- 13.14 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Neuromuscular Scoliosis -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Classification -- 14.3 Nonoperative Treatment -- 14.4 Surgical Treatment -- 14.4.1 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy -- 14.4.2 Spinal Cord Injury -- 14.4.3 Myelomeningocele -- References -- 15 Anterior Surgery for Thoracic Scoliosis -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Anterior Fusion with or without Instrumentation -- 15.2.1 Classification of Thoracic Scoliosis -- 15.2.2 Indications for Anterior Surgical Approach for Thoracic Scoliosis -- 15.2.3 Contraindications for Anterior Instrumentation and Fusion Approach for Thoracic Scoliosis -- 15.3 Surgical Treatment -- 15.3.1 Open Technique -- Indications for the Open Technique -- Technique -- Results of the Open Technique -- 15.3.2 Thoracoscopic Technique -- Fusion Levels -- Technique -- Results of the Thoracoscopic Technique of Anterior Instrumentation and Fusion -- 15.4 Other Issues Associated with Anterior Spinal Fusion -- 15.4.1 Spontaneous Correction of the Lumbar Curve and Proximal Thoracic Curve -- 15.4.2 Pulmonary Function -- 15.4.3 Progressive Sagittal Kyphosis -- 15.5 Fusionless Anterior Surgery for Spinal Deformity -- 15.5.1 The Natural History. 15.5.2 Vertebral Body Stapling -- Indications for Vertebral Body Stapling -- Surgical Technique for Vertebral Body Stapling -- Results of Vertebral Body Stapling -- 15.5.3 Vertebral Body Tethering -- Indications -- Surgical Technique -- Preliminary Results of Vertebral Body Tethering -- 15.6 Conclusion -- References -- 16 Posterior Approach in Thoracic Deformity -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Surgical Anatomy -- 16.3 Selection of Posterior versus Anterior Spinal Fusion -- 16.4 Surgical Technique -- 16.4.1 Results -- 16.4.2 Complications -- 16.5 Conclusion -- References -- 17 Lateral Interbody Fusion Approaches in Spinal Deformity -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Patient Evaluation -- 17.3 Radiographic Assessment -- 17.4 Indication -- 17.5 Treatment Options -- 17.6 Lateral Approach: Surgical Technique and Outcomes -- 17.7 Complications -- References -- 18 Anterior-Posterior Surgery for Spinal Deformity -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Patient Evaluation -- 18.3 Radiographic Assessment -- 18.4 Indications -- 18.4.1 Pediatric Deformity -- 18.4.2 Adult Deformity -- 18.5 Treatment Options -- 18.5.1 Staging -- Surgical Techniques -- Postoperative Care -- 18.6 Complications -- 18.7 Conclusion -- References -- 19 Minimally Invasive Surgery for Adult Spinal Deformities -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Lateral Interbody Fusion with Percutaneous Screw Fixation -- 19.3 Multilevel MIS Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion -- 19.3.1 Surgical Technique -- 19.4 Mini-Open Pedicle Subtraction Osteotomy -- 19.4.1 Surgical Technique -- 19.4.2 Future Directions -- 19.5 Conflict of Interest Statement -- References -- 20 Scheuermann Kyphosis -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Normal Sagittal Alignment -- 20.2.1 Anatomy -- 20.3 Pathomechanics of Kyphotic Spinal Deformities -- 20.3.1 Scheuermann Kyphosis -- 20.3.2 Etiology and Pathogenesis. 20.3.3 Clinical and Radiographic Findings and the Natural History.
9781604064124
Spine -- Abnormalities -- Surgery.
Scoliosis -- Surgery.
Electronic books.
RD768
617.4/820441