Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Health : A Practical Approach.
Muennig, Peter.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Health : A Practical Approach. - 1st ed. - 1 online resource (483 pages) - New York Academy of Sciences Series . - New York Academy of Sciences Series .
Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Tables, Figures, and Exhibits -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the Author -- Chapter 1 Introduction to Cost‐Effectiveness -- Overview -- Why Cost‐Effectiveness Is Useful -- Elements of Cost‐Effectiveness Analysis -- Health Interventions -- The Competing Alternative -- Health States -- Health Status -- The Quality‐Adjusted Life‐Year -- Costs -- The Average and Incremental Cost‐Effectiveness Ratio -- Why Conduct Cost‐Effectiveness Analysis? -- Costs Matter -- Effectiveness Versus Efficacy -- The Reference Case Analysis -- Cost‐Effectiveness Analysis and Policy -- Prioritizing Health Interventions -- Do Cost‐Effectiveness Analyses Actually Change the Way Things Are Done? -- What Does the Future Hold? -- Summary -- Further Readings -- References -- Chapter 2 Principles of Cost‐Effectiveness Analysis -- Overview -- The Perspective of a Cost‐Effectiveness Analysis -- Capturing Costs -- Capturing Quality -- Interpreting the Cost‐Effectiveness Ratio -- Defining the Comparator -- Interpreting Incremental Changes in Cost and Effectiveness -- Types of Economic Analysis -- Cost‐Effectiveness and Cost‐Utility Analysis -- When to Use Nonreference Case Cost‐Effectiveness Analyses -- Other Measures -- Cost‐Benefit Analysis -- Cost‐Minimization Analysis -- Burden‐of‐Disease Analysis -- Summary -- Further Readings -- References -- Chapter 3 Developing a Research Project -- Overview -- Eight Steps to a Perfect Research Project -- Developing a Research Question -- Anatomy of a Research Question -- Defining the Population -- Defining the Interventions Under Study -- Defining the Disease You Are Studying -- Research Checklist -- Have I Included All of the Important Alternatives? -- Where Will the Intervention Take Place? -- Are Different Levels of Treatment or Different Screening Intervals Relevant?. What Type of Study Is Appropriate? -- For Whom Will I Conduct the Study? -- How Far into the Future Do I Need to Capture Outcomes? -- What Do I Include, and What Do I Ignore? -- Are There Enough Data to Answer My Question? -- Review -- Designing Your Analysis -- Summary -- Further Readings -- References -- Chapter 4 Working with Costs -- Overview -- Opportunity Costs -- Identifying Costs -- Micro‐Costing and Gross Costing -- Getting Cost Data -- Using Diagnosis Codes -- Adjusting Costs -- Hospital Charges -- Converting Other Charges -- Adjusting for Inflation -- Discounting Future Costs -- When to Use Discounting -- How to Use Discounting -- Costs Associated with Pain and Suffering -- Assessing the "Relevancy" of Cost Data -- Other Cost Considerations -- Measuring Changes in Costs -- When to Use Micro‐Costing -- Friction Costs and Transfer Payments -- Savings Associated with Premature Death -- Summary -- Further Readings -- References -- Chapter 5 Probabilities and Decision Analysis Models -- Overview -- The Idea Behind Decision Analysis -- Probabilities -- Some Basic Rules of Probability -- Applying the Rules -- Decision Analysis Models -- Calculating the Probability of Each Strategy -- Calculating the Cost of Each Strategy -- Putting It All Together -- Rollback Method (Thinking Inside the Tree) -- Types of Decision Analysis Models -- Summary -- Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 6 Calculating Life Expectancy -- Overview -- Hand‐Calculating Years Gained -- Calculating Life‐Years Lost Using Markov Models -- Principles of Markov Modeling -- Markov Models in Practice -- Summary -- Further Readings -- References -- Chapter 7 Working with Health‐Related Quality‐of‐Life Measures -- Overview -- Framework -- Preference Scores -- Who Should Valuate HRQL? -- Deriving HRQL Scores -- Using Preference‐Weighted Generic Instruments. Generating HRQL for Acute Conditions -- HRQL Scores Generated from Other Health Surveys -- Other Considerations and Reminders -- Effect of Age on HRQL -- Effect of Disease Stage on HRQL -- Effect of an Intervention on HRQL -- Use of HRQL Scores in Diverse Populations -- Disease‐Specific HRQL Instruments -- Fees Associated with HRQL Instruments -- Using Disability‐Adjusted Life‐Years -- Summary -- Further Readings -- References -- Chapter 8 Calculating QALYs -- Overview -- Using the Summation Method -- Using the Life Table Method -- Quality‐Adjusted Life Expectancy -- Using Markov Models to Calculate QALE -- More On Discounting -- Issues with QALYs -- Calculating Incremental Cost‐Effectiveness -- Disability‐Adjusted Life‐Year (DALY) -- Summary -- Further Readings -- References -- Chapter 9 Conducting a Sensitivity Analysis -- Overview -- Performing a Sensitivity Analysis -- Sensitivity Analysis -- One‐Way Sensitivity Analysis -- Using One‐Way Sensitivity Analyses to Validate a Model -- Answering Secondary Questions Using One‐Way Sensitivity Analyses -- Two‐Way Sensitivity Analysis -- Tornado Diagram -- Multiway Sensitivity Analysis -- First‐Order Monte Carlo Simulation -- Second‐Order Monte Carlo Simulation -- Picking Distributions -- Determining the Plausible Range of Each Variable -- Presenting the Results of the Probabilistic Sensitivity Analysis -- Summary -- Further Readings -- References -- Chapter 10 Preparing Your Study for Publication -- Overview -- Content and Structure of Cost‐Effectiveness Articles -- Title and Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Other -- Technical Appendix -- Figures and Illustrations -- Summary -- Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 11 Basic Concepts in Epidemiology and Application to Cost‐Effectiveness Analysis -- Overview -- Review of Incidence. Crude, Category‐Specific, and Adjusted Rates -- Prevalence Versus Incidence -- Relationship Between Risks and Rates -- Understanding Error -- Managing Error in Cost‐Effectiveness Analysis -- Frequency Distributions and Random Error -- Basics of Statistical Inference -- Calculating Weighted Means -- Evaluating Study Limitations -- Review of Medical Study Designs -- Cross‐Sectional Studies -- Retrospective Studies -- Prospective Studies -- Randomized Controlled Trials -- Meta‐Analysis -- Primary Cost‐Effectiveness Studies -- Generalizability -- Other Ways of Identifying Error in the Medical Literature -- Summary -- Further Readings -- References -- Chapter 12 Finding the Data You Need -- Overview -- Finding Data in the Medical Literature -- Grading Published Data -- Using Electronic Datasets -- Finding the Right Electronic Data -- Which Source of Data Do You Turn to? -- Data Extraction Tools -- Using Printed Tabulations of Electronic Data -- Using Datasets Themselves -- Understanding Error in Electronic Data -- Using Unpublished Data -- Using Data from Piggybacked Studies -- Using Expert Opinion -- Organizing Your Data -- Summary -- Further Readings -- References -- Chapter 13 A Worked Example -- Overview -- Helping Students Learn -- Laboratory Exercise One: Building a Markov Tree -- Laboratory Exercise Two: Comparing Interventions -- Laboratory Exercise Three: The Cost‐Effectiveness of Health Insurance -- Laboratory Exercise Four: Sensitivity Analysis -- Summary -- Appendix A Answer Key to Exercises -- Appendix B Life Expectancy and Quality‐Adjusted Life Expectancy Tables -- Appendix C EQ‐5D‐5L Health Questionnaire (English version for the United States) -- Appendix D Diagnosis, Charges, Medicare Reimbursement, Average Length of Stay, and Cost‐to‐Charge Ratio by Diagnosis‐Related Groups, 2011 -- Glossary -- Index -- EULA.
9781119011279
Medical care-United States-Cost effectiveness.
Medical care, Cost of-United States.
Electronic books.
RA410.5 .M846 2016
338.43362100000002
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Health : A Practical Approach. - 1st ed. - 1 online resource (483 pages) - New York Academy of Sciences Series . - New York Academy of Sciences Series .
Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Tables, Figures, and Exhibits -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the Author -- Chapter 1 Introduction to Cost‐Effectiveness -- Overview -- Why Cost‐Effectiveness Is Useful -- Elements of Cost‐Effectiveness Analysis -- Health Interventions -- The Competing Alternative -- Health States -- Health Status -- The Quality‐Adjusted Life‐Year -- Costs -- The Average and Incremental Cost‐Effectiveness Ratio -- Why Conduct Cost‐Effectiveness Analysis? -- Costs Matter -- Effectiveness Versus Efficacy -- The Reference Case Analysis -- Cost‐Effectiveness Analysis and Policy -- Prioritizing Health Interventions -- Do Cost‐Effectiveness Analyses Actually Change the Way Things Are Done? -- What Does the Future Hold? -- Summary -- Further Readings -- References -- Chapter 2 Principles of Cost‐Effectiveness Analysis -- Overview -- The Perspective of a Cost‐Effectiveness Analysis -- Capturing Costs -- Capturing Quality -- Interpreting the Cost‐Effectiveness Ratio -- Defining the Comparator -- Interpreting Incremental Changes in Cost and Effectiveness -- Types of Economic Analysis -- Cost‐Effectiveness and Cost‐Utility Analysis -- When to Use Nonreference Case Cost‐Effectiveness Analyses -- Other Measures -- Cost‐Benefit Analysis -- Cost‐Minimization Analysis -- Burden‐of‐Disease Analysis -- Summary -- Further Readings -- References -- Chapter 3 Developing a Research Project -- Overview -- Eight Steps to a Perfect Research Project -- Developing a Research Question -- Anatomy of a Research Question -- Defining the Population -- Defining the Interventions Under Study -- Defining the Disease You Are Studying -- Research Checklist -- Have I Included All of the Important Alternatives? -- Where Will the Intervention Take Place? -- Are Different Levels of Treatment or Different Screening Intervals Relevant?. What Type of Study Is Appropriate? -- For Whom Will I Conduct the Study? -- How Far into the Future Do I Need to Capture Outcomes? -- What Do I Include, and What Do I Ignore? -- Are There Enough Data to Answer My Question? -- Review -- Designing Your Analysis -- Summary -- Further Readings -- References -- Chapter 4 Working with Costs -- Overview -- Opportunity Costs -- Identifying Costs -- Micro‐Costing and Gross Costing -- Getting Cost Data -- Using Diagnosis Codes -- Adjusting Costs -- Hospital Charges -- Converting Other Charges -- Adjusting for Inflation -- Discounting Future Costs -- When to Use Discounting -- How to Use Discounting -- Costs Associated with Pain and Suffering -- Assessing the "Relevancy" of Cost Data -- Other Cost Considerations -- Measuring Changes in Costs -- When to Use Micro‐Costing -- Friction Costs and Transfer Payments -- Savings Associated with Premature Death -- Summary -- Further Readings -- References -- Chapter 5 Probabilities and Decision Analysis Models -- Overview -- The Idea Behind Decision Analysis -- Probabilities -- Some Basic Rules of Probability -- Applying the Rules -- Decision Analysis Models -- Calculating the Probability of Each Strategy -- Calculating the Cost of Each Strategy -- Putting It All Together -- Rollback Method (Thinking Inside the Tree) -- Types of Decision Analysis Models -- Summary -- Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 6 Calculating Life Expectancy -- Overview -- Hand‐Calculating Years Gained -- Calculating Life‐Years Lost Using Markov Models -- Principles of Markov Modeling -- Markov Models in Practice -- Summary -- Further Readings -- References -- Chapter 7 Working with Health‐Related Quality‐of‐Life Measures -- Overview -- Framework -- Preference Scores -- Who Should Valuate HRQL? -- Deriving HRQL Scores -- Using Preference‐Weighted Generic Instruments. Generating HRQL for Acute Conditions -- HRQL Scores Generated from Other Health Surveys -- Other Considerations and Reminders -- Effect of Age on HRQL -- Effect of Disease Stage on HRQL -- Effect of an Intervention on HRQL -- Use of HRQL Scores in Diverse Populations -- Disease‐Specific HRQL Instruments -- Fees Associated with HRQL Instruments -- Using Disability‐Adjusted Life‐Years -- Summary -- Further Readings -- References -- Chapter 8 Calculating QALYs -- Overview -- Using the Summation Method -- Using the Life Table Method -- Quality‐Adjusted Life Expectancy -- Using Markov Models to Calculate QALE -- More On Discounting -- Issues with QALYs -- Calculating Incremental Cost‐Effectiveness -- Disability‐Adjusted Life‐Year (DALY) -- Summary -- Further Readings -- References -- Chapter 9 Conducting a Sensitivity Analysis -- Overview -- Performing a Sensitivity Analysis -- Sensitivity Analysis -- One‐Way Sensitivity Analysis -- Using One‐Way Sensitivity Analyses to Validate a Model -- Answering Secondary Questions Using One‐Way Sensitivity Analyses -- Two‐Way Sensitivity Analysis -- Tornado Diagram -- Multiway Sensitivity Analysis -- First‐Order Monte Carlo Simulation -- Second‐Order Monte Carlo Simulation -- Picking Distributions -- Determining the Plausible Range of Each Variable -- Presenting the Results of the Probabilistic Sensitivity Analysis -- Summary -- Further Readings -- References -- Chapter 10 Preparing Your Study for Publication -- Overview -- Content and Structure of Cost‐Effectiveness Articles -- Title and Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Other -- Technical Appendix -- Figures and Illustrations -- Summary -- Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 11 Basic Concepts in Epidemiology and Application to Cost‐Effectiveness Analysis -- Overview -- Review of Incidence. Crude, Category‐Specific, and Adjusted Rates -- Prevalence Versus Incidence -- Relationship Between Risks and Rates -- Understanding Error -- Managing Error in Cost‐Effectiveness Analysis -- Frequency Distributions and Random Error -- Basics of Statistical Inference -- Calculating Weighted Means -- Evaluating Study Limitations -- Review of Medical Study Designs -- Cross‐Sectional Studies -- Retrospective Studies -- Prospective Studies -- Randomized Controlled Trials -- Meta‐Analysis -- Primary Cost‐Effectiveness Studies -- Generalizability -- Other Ways of Identifying Error in the Medical Literature -- Summary -- Further Readings -- References -- Chapter 12 Finding the Data You Need -- Overview -- Finding Data in the Medical Literature -- Grading Published Data -- Using Electronic Datasets -- Finding the Right Electronic Data -- Which Source of Data Do You Turn to? -- Data Extraction Tools -- Using Printed Tabulations of Electronic Data -- Using Datasets Themselves -- Understanding Error in Electronic Data -- Using Unpublished Data -- Using Data from Piggybacked Studies -- Using Expert Opinion -- Organizing Your Data -- Summary -- Further Readings -- References -- Chapter 13 A Worked Example -- Overview -- Helping Students Learn -- Laboratory Exercise One: Building a Markov Tree -- Laboratory Exercise Two: Comparing Interventions -- Laboratory Exercise Three: The Cost‐Effectiveness of Health Insurance -- Laboratory Exercise Four: Sensitivity Analysis -- Summary -- Appendix A Answer Key to Exercises -- Appendix B Life Expectancy and Quality‐Adjusted Life Expectancy Tables -- Appendix C EQ‐5D‐5L Health Questionnaire (English version for the United States) -- Appendix D Diagnosis, Charges, Medicare Reimbursement, Average Length of Stay, and Cost‐to‐Charge Ratio by Diagnosis‐Related Groups, 2011 -- Glossary -- Index -- EULA.
9781119011279
Medical care-United States-Cost effectiveness.
Medical care, Cost of-United States.
Electronic books.
RA410.5 .M846 2016
338.43362100000002