Ecological Methods.
Henderson, Peter A.
Ecological Methods. - 1st ed. - 1 online resource (662 pages) - New York Academy of Sciences Series . - New York Academy of Sciences Series .
Intro -- Ecological Methods -- Contents -- Prefaces -- Preface to fourth edition -- Preface to third edition -- Preface to second edition -- Preface to first edition -- About the Companion Website -- 1 Introduction to the Study of Animal Populations -- 1.1 Population estimates -- 1.1.1 Absolute and related estimates -- 1.1.2 Relative estimates -- 1.1.3 Population indices -- 1.2 Errors and confidence -- References -- 2 The Sampling Programme and the Measurement and Description of Dispersion -- 2.1 Preliminary sampling -- 2.1.1 Planning and fieldwork -- 2.1.2 Statistical aspects -- 2.2 The sampling programme -- 2.2.1 The number of samples per habitat unit (e.g. plant, host or puddle) -- 2.2.2 The sampling unit, its selection, size and shape -- 2.2.3 The number of samples -- 2.2.4 The pattern of sampling -- 2.2.5 The timing of sampling -- 2.3 Dispersion -- 2.3.1 Mathematical distributions that serve as models -- 2.3.2 Biological interpretation of dispersion parameters -- 2.3.3 Nearest-neighbour and related techniques: measures of population size or of the departure from randomness of the distribution -- 2.4 Sequential sampling -- 2.4.1 Sampling numbers -- 2.5 Presence or absence sampling -- 2.6 Sampling a fauna -- 2.7 Biological and other qualitative aspects of sampling -- 2.8 Jack knife and Bootstrap techniques -- References -- 3 Absolute Population Estimates Using Capture-Recapture Experiments -- 3.1 Capture-recapture methods -- 3.1.1 Assumptions common to most methods -- 3.1.2 Estimating closed populations -- 3.1.3 Estimations for open populations -- 3.2 Methods of marking animals -- 3.2.1 Handling techniques -- 3.2.2 Release -- 3.2.3 Surface marks using paints and solutions of dyes -- 3.2.4 Dyes and fluorescent substances in powder form -- 3.2.5 Pollen -- 3.2.6 Marking formed by feeding on or absorption of dyes. 3.2.7 Marking by injection, panjet or tattooing -- 3.2.8 External tags -- 3.2.9 Branding -- 3.2.10 Mutilation -- 3.2.11 Natural marks, parasites and genes -- 3.2.12 Rare elements -- 3.2.13 Protein marking -- 3.2.14 Radioactive isotopes -- 3.2.15 Radio and sonic tags -- References -- 4 Absolute Population Estimates by Sampling a Unit of Habitat - Air, Plants, Plant Products and Vertebrate Hosts -- 4.1 Sampling from the air -- 4.2 Sampling apparatus -- 4.2.1 Exposed cone (Johnson-Taylor) suction trap -- 4.2.2 Enclosed cone types of suction trap including the Rothamsted 12m trap -- 4.2.3 Rotary and other traps -- 4.3 Comparison and efficiencies of the different types of suction traps -- 4.3.1 Conversion of catch to aerial density -- 4.3.2 Conversion of density to total aerial population -- 4.4 Sampling from plants -- 4.4.1 Assessing the plant -- 4.4.2 Determining the numbers of invertebrates -- 4.4.3 The extraction of animals from herbage and debris -- 4.4.4 Methods for animals in plant tissues -- 4.4.5 Special sampling problems with animals in plant material -- 4.5 Sampling from vertebrate hosts -- 4.5.1 Sampling from living hosts -- 4.5.2 Sampling from dead hosts -- 4.5.3 Sampling from vertebrate 'homes' -- References -- 5 Absolute Population Estimates by Sampling a Unit of Aquatic Habitat -- 5.1 Open water -- 5.1.1 Nets -- 5.1.2 Pumps -- 5.1.3 Water-sampling bottles -- 5.1.4 The Patalas-Schindler volume sampler -- 5.1.5 Particular methods for insects -- 5.2 Vegetation -- 5.2.1 Floating vegetation -- 5.2.2 Emergent vegetation -- 5.2.3 Submerged vegetation -- 5.3 Bottom fauna -- 5.3.1 Hand net sampling of forest litter -- 5.3.2 Sampling from under stones -- 5.3.3 The planting of removable portions of the substrate -- 5.3.4 Cylinders and boxes for delimiting an area -- 5.3.5 Trawls, bottom sledges and dredges -- 5.3.6 Grabs. 5.3.7 Dendy inverting sampler -- 5.3.8 Box samplers and corers -- 5.3.9 Air-lift and suction devices -- 5.4 Poisons and anaesthetics used for sampling fish in rock pools and small ponds -- References -- 6 Absolute Population Estimates by Sampling a Unit of Soil or Litter Habitat: Extraction Techniques -- 6.1 Sampling -- 6.2 Bulk staining -- 6.3 Mechanical methods of extraction -- 6.3.1 Dry sieving -- 6.3.2 Wet sieving -- 6.3.3 Soil washing and flotation -- 6.3.4 Flotation separation of plankton, meiofauna and other small animals -- 6.3.5 Separation of plant and insects by differential wetting -- 6.3.6 Centrifugation -- 6.3.7 Sedimentation -- 6.3.8 Elutriation -- 6.3.9 Sectioning -- 6.3.10 Aeration -- 6.4 Behavioural or dynamic methods -- 6.4.1 Dry extractors -- 6.4.2 Wet extractors -- 6.5 Summary of the applicability of the methods -- References -- 7 Relative Methods of Population Measurement and the Derivation of Absolute Estimates -- 7.1 Factors affecting the size of relative estimates -- 7.1.1 The 'phase' of the animal -- 7.1.2 The activity of the animal -- 7.1.3 Differences in the response between species, sexes and individuals -- 7.1.4 The efficiency of the trap or searching method -- 7.2 The uses of relative methods -- 7.2.1 Measures of the availability -- 7.2.2 Indices of absolute population -- 7.2.3 Estimates of absolute population -- 7.2.4 Removal trapping or collecting -- 7.2.5 Collecting -- 7.3 Relative methods: catch per unit effort -- 7.3.1 Observation by radar -- 7.3.2 Hydroacoustic methods -- 7.3.3 Fish counters -- 7.3.4 Electric fishing -- 7.3.5 Aural detection -- 7.3.6 Exposure by plough -- 7.3.7 Collecting with a net or similar device -- 7.3.8 Visual searching and pooting -- 7.4 Relative methods: trapping -- 7.4.1 Interception traps -- 7.4.2 Flight traps combining interception and attraction -- 7.4.3 Light and other visual traps. 7.5 Traps that attract animals by some natural stimulus or a substitute -- 7.5.1 Shelter traps -- 7.5.2 Trap host plants -- 7.5.3 Baited traps -- 7.5.4 The use of vertebrate hosts or substitutes as bait for insects -- 7.6 Using Sound -- References -- 8 Estimates of Species Richness and Population Size Based on Signs, Products and Effects -- 8.1 Arthropod products -- 8.1.1 Exuviae -- 8.1.2 Frass -- 8.2 Vertebrate products and effects -- 8.3 Effects due to an individual insect -- 8.4 General effects: plant damage -- 8.4.1 Criteria -- 8.5 Determining the relationship between damage and insect populations -- References -- 9 Wildlife Population Estimates by Census and Distance Measuring Techniques -- 9.1 Census methods -- 9.2 Point and line survey methods -- 9.2.1 Indices of abundance using transects -- 9.2.2 Methods based on flushing -- 9.2.3 Line transect methods: the Fourier series estimator -- 9.2.4 Point transects -- 9.3 Distance sampling software in R -- 9.4 Spatial distribution and plotless density estimators -- 9.4.1 Closest individual or distance method -- 9.4.2 Nearest-neighbour methods -- References -- 10 Observational and Experimental Methods for the Estimation of Natality, Mortality and Dispersal -- 10.1 Natality -- 10.1.1 Fertility -- 10.1.2 Numbers entering a stage -- 10.1.3 The birth-rate from mark and recapture data -- 10.2 Mortality -- 10.2.1 Total -- 10.2.2 The death-rate from mark and recapture data -- 10.2.3 Climatic factors -- 10.2.4 Biotic factors -- 10.2.5 Experimental assessment of natural enemies -- 10.3 Dispersal -- 10.3.1 Detecting and quantifying jump dispersal -- 10.3.2 Quantifying neighbourhood dispersal -- 10.4 The measurement and description of home range and territory -- 10.4.1 The minimum convex polygon area method for estimating home range -- 10.4.2 The kernel estimation method for home range. 10.5 The rate of colonisation of a new habitat and artificial substrates -- 10.6 The direction of migration -- References -- 11 The Construction, Description and Analysis of Age-specific Life-tables -- 11.1 Types of life-table and the budget -- 11.2 The construction of a budget -- 11.3 Analysis of stage-frequency data -- 11.3.1 Southwoods graphical method -- 11.3.2 Richards & -- Waloffs first method -- 11.3.3 Manlys method -- 11.3.4 Ruesinks method -- 11.3.5 Dempsters method -- 11.3.6 Richards & -- Waloffs Second Method -- 11.3.7 Kiritani, Nakasuji & -- Manlys method -- 11.3.8 Kemptons method -- 11.3.9 The Bellows and Birley Method -- 11.4 The description of budgets and life-tables -- 11.4.1 Survivorship curves -- 11.4.2 Stock-recruitment (Moran-Ricker) curves -- 11.4.3 The life-table and life expectancy -- 11.4.4 Life and fertility tables and the net reproductive rate -- 11.4.5 Population growth rates -- 11.4.6 The calculation of r -- 11.5 The analysis of life-table data -- 11.5.1 The comparison of mortality factors within a generation (Table 11.3) -- 11.5.2 Survival and life budget analysis -- 11.5.3 Sibley's contribution analysis -- References -- 12 Age-grouping, Time-specific Life-tables and Predictive Population Models -- 12.1 Age-grouping -- 12.2 Aging young by developmental stage -- 12.3 Aging by using structures -- 12.3.1 Annelids -- 12.3.2 Crustaceans -- 12.3.3 Insects -- 12.3.4 Molluscs -- 12.3.5 Fish -- 12.3.6 Lampreys -- 12.3.7 Reptiles and amphibians -- 12.3.8 Birds -- 12.3.9 Mammals -- 12.4 Time-specific life-tables and survival rates -- 12.4.1 Physiological time -- 12.4.2 Life-table parameters -- 12.4.3 Recruitment in the field -- 12.4.4 Empirical models -- 12.4.5 Intrinsic rate models and variable life-tables -- 12.4.6 Lewis-Leslie matrices and R packages -- References -- 13 Species Richness, Diversity and Packing. 13.1 Diversity.
9781118895252
Animal populations.
Ecology-Technique.
Electronic books.
QH541.28 .S68 2016
577
Ecological Methods. - 1st ed. - 1 online resource (662 pages) - New York Academy of Sciences Series . - New York Academy of Sciences Series .
Intro -- Ecological Methods -- Contents -- Prefaces -- Preface to fourth edition -- Preface to third edition -- Preface to second edition -- Preface to first edition -- About the Companion Website -- 1 Introduction to the Study of Animal Populations -- 1.1 Population estimates -- 1.1.1 Absolute and related estimates -- 1.1.2 Relative estimates -- 1.1.3 Population indices -- 1.2 Errors and confidence -- References -- 2 The Sampling Programme and the Measurement and Description of Dispersion -- 2.1 Preliminary sampling -- 2.1.1 Planning and fieldwork -- 2.1.2 Statistical aspects -- 2.2 The sampling programme -- 2.2.1 The number of samples per habitat unit (e.g. plant, host or puddle) -- 2.2.2 The sampling unit, its selection, size and shape -- 2.2.3 The number of samples -- 2.2.4 The pattern of sampling -- 2.2.5 The timing of sampling -- 2.3 Dispersion -- 2.3.1 Mathematical distributions that serve as models -- 2.3.2 Biological interpretation of dispersion parameters -- 2.3.3 Nearest-neighbour and related techniques: measures of population size or of the departure from randomness of the distribution -- 2.4 Sequential sampling -- 2.4.1 Sampling numbers -- 2.5 Presence or absence sampling -- 2.6 Sampling a fauna -- 2.7 Biological and other qualitative aspects of sampling -- 2.8 Jack knife and Bootstrap techniques -- References -- 3 Absolute Population Estimates Using Capture-Recapture Experiments -- 3.1 Capture-recapture methods -- 3.1.1 Assumptions common to most methods -- 3.1.2 Estimating closed populations -- 3.1.3 Estimations for open populations -- 3.2 Methods of marking animals -- 3.2.1 Handling techniques -- 3.2.2 Release -- 3.2.3 Surface marks using paints and solutions of dyes -- 3.2.4 Dyes and fluorescent substances in powder form -- 3.2.5 Pollen -- 3.2.6 Marking formed by feeding on or absorption of dyes. 3.2.7 Marking by injection, panjet or tattooing -- 3.2.8 External tags -- 3.2.9 Branding -- 3.2.10 Mutilation -- 3.2.11 Natural marks, parasites and genes -- 3.2.12 Rare elements -- 3.2.13 Protein marking -- 3.2.14 Radioactive isotopes -- 3.2.15 Radio and sonic tags -- References -- 4 Absolute Population Estimates by Sampling a Unit of Habitat - Air, Plants, Plant Products and Vertebrate Hosts -- 4.1 Sampling from the air -- 4.2 Sampling apparatus -- 4.2.1 Exposed cone (Johnson-Taylor) suction trap -- 4.2.2 Enclosed cone types of suction trap including the Rothamsted 12m trap -- 4.2.3 Rotary and other traps -- 4.3 Comparison and efficiencies of the different types of suction traps -- 4.3.1 Conversion of catch to aerial density -- 4.3.2 Conversion of density to total aerial population -- 4.4 Sampling from plants -- 4.4.1 Assessing the plant -- 4.4.2 Determining the numbers of invertebrates -- 4.4.3 The extraction of animals from herbage and debris -- 4.4.4 Methods for animals in plant tissues -- 4.4.5 Special sampling problems with animals in plant material -- 4.5 Sampling from vertebrate hosts -- 4.5.1 Sampling from living hosts -- 4.5.2 Sampling from dead hosts -- 4.5.3 Sampling from vertebrate 'homes' -- References -- 5 Absolute Population Estimates by Sampling a Unit of Aquatic Habitat -- 5.1 Open water -- 5.1.1 Nets -- 5.1.2 Pumps -- 5.1.3 Water-sampling bottles -- 5.1.4 The Patalas-Schindler volume sampler -- 5.1.5 Particular methods for insects -- 5.2 Vegetation -- 5.2.1 Floating vegetation -- 5.2.2 Emergent vegetation -- 5.2.3 Submerged vegetation -- 5.3 Bottom fauna -- 5.3.1 Hand net sampling of forest litter -- 5.3.2 Sampling from under stones -- 5.3.3 The planting of removable portions of the substrate -- 5.3.4 Cylinders and boxes for delimiting an area -- 5.3.5 Trawls, bottom sledges and dredges -- 5.3.6 Grabs. 5.3.7 Dendy inverting sampler -- 5.3.8 Box samplers and corers -- 5.3.9 Air-lift and suction devices -- 5.4 Poisons and anaesthetics used for sampling fish in rock pools and small ponds -- References -- 6 Absolute Population Estimates by Sampling a Unit of Soil or Litter Habitat: Extraction Techniques -- 6.1 Sampling -- 6.2 Bulk staining -- 6.3 Mechanical methods of extraction -- 6.3.1 Dry sieving -- 6.3.2 Wet sieving -- 6.3.3 Soil washing and flotation -- 6.3.4 Flotation separation of plankton, meiofauna and other small animals -- 6.3.5 Separation of plant and insects by differential wetting -- 6.3.6 Centrifugation -- 6.3.7 Sedimentation -- 6.3.8 Elutriation -- 6.3.9 Sectioning -- 6.3.10 Aeration -- 6.4 Behavioural or dynamic methods -- 6.4.1 Dry extractors -- 6.4.2 Wet extractors -- 6.5 Summary of the applicability of the methods -- References -- 7 Relative Methods of Population Measurement and the Derivation of Absolute Estimates -- 7.1 Factors affecting the size of relative estimates -- 7.1.1 The 'phase' of the animal -- 7.1.2 The activity of the animal -- 7.1.3 Differences in the response between species, sexes and individuals -- 7.1.4 The efficiency of the trap or searching method -- 7.2 The uses of relative methods -- 7.2.1 Measures of the availability -- 7.2.2 Indices of absolute population -- 7.2.3 Estimates of absolute population -- 7.2.4 Removal trapping or collecting -- 7.2.5 Collecting -- 7.3 Relative methods: catch per unit effort -- 7.3.1 Observation by radar -- 7.3.2 Hydroacoustic methods -- 7.3.3 Fish counters -- 7.3.4 Electric fishing -- 7.3.5 Aural detection -- 7.3.6 Exposure by plough -- 7.3.7 Collecting with a net or similar device -- 7.3.8 Visual searching and pooting -- 7.4 Relative methods: trapping -- 7.4.1 Interception traps -- 7.4.2 Flight traps combining interception and attraction -- 7.4.3 Light and other visual traps. 7.5 Traps that attract animals by some natural stimulus or a substitute -- 7.5.1 Shelter traps -- 7.5.2 Trap host plants -- 7.5.3 Baited traps -- 7.5.4 The use of vertebrate hosts or substitutes as bait for insects -- 7.6 Using Sound -- References -- 8 Estimates of Species Richness and Population Size Based on Signs, Products and Effects -- 8.1 Arthropod products -- 8.1.1 Exuviae -- 8.1.2 Frass -- 8.2 Vertebrate products and effects -- 8.3 Effects due to an individual insect -- 8.4 General effects: plant damage -- 8.4.1 Criteria -- 8.5 Determining the relationship between damage and insect populations -- References -- 9 Wildlife Population Estimates by Census and Distance Measuring Techniques -- 9.1 Census methods -- 9.2 Point and line survey methods -- 9.2.1 Indices of abundance using transects -- 9.2.2 Methods based on flushing -- 9.2.3 Line transect methods: the Fourier series estimator -- 9.2.4 Point transects -- 9.3 Distance sampling software in R -- 9.4 Spatial distribution and plotless density estimators -- 9.4.1 Closest individual or distance method -- 9.4.2 Nearest-neighbour methods -- References -- 10 Observational and Experimental Methods for the Estimation of Natality, Mortality and Dispersal -- 10.1 Natality -- 10.1.1 Fertility -- 10.1.2 Numbers entering a stage -- 10.1.3 The birth-rate from mark and recapture data -- 10.2 Mortality -- 10.2.1 Total -- 10.2.2 The death-rate from mark and recapture data -- 10.2.3 Climatic factors -- 10.2.4 Biotic factors -- 10.2.5 Experimental assessment of natural enemies -- 10.3 Dispersal -- 10.3.1 Detecting and quantifying jump dispersal -- 10.3.2 Quantifying neighbourhood dispersal -- 10.4 The measurement and description of home range and territory -- 10.4.1 The minimum convex polygon area method for estimating home range -- 10.4.2 The kernel estimation method for home range. 10.5 The rate of colonisation of a new habitat and artificial substrates -- 10.6 The direction of migration -- References -- 11 The Construction, Description and Analysis of Age-specific Life-tables -- 11.1 Types of life-table and the budget -- 11.2 The construction of a budget -- 11.3 Analysis of stage-frequency data -- 11.3.1 Southwoods graphical method -- 11.3.2 Richards & -- Waloffs first method -- 11.3.3 Manlys method -- 11.3.4 Ruesinks method -- 11.3.5 Dempsters method -- 11.3.6 Richards & -- Waloffs Second Method -- 11.3.7 Kiritani, Nakasuji & -- Manlys method -- 11.3.8 Kemptons method -- 11.3.9 The Bellows and Birley Method -- 11.4 The description of budgets and life-tables -- 11.4.1 Survivorship curves -- 11.4.2 Stock-recruitment (Moran-Ricker) curves -- 11.4.3 The life-table and life expectancy -- 11.4.4 Life and fertility tables and the net reproductive rate -- 11.4.5 Population growth rates -- 11.4.6 The calculation of r -- 11.5 The analysis of life-table data -- 11.5.1 The comparison of mortality factors within a generation (Table 11.3) -- 11.5.2 Survival and life budget analysis -- 11.5.3 Sibley's contribution analysis -- References -- 12 Age-grouping, Time-specific Life-tables and Predictive Population Models -- 12.1 Age-grouping -- 12.2 Aging young by developmental stage -- 12.3 Aging by using structures -- 12.3.1 Annelids -- 12.3.2 Crustaceans -- 12.3.3 Insects -- 12.3.4 Molluscs -- 12.3.5 Fish -- 12.3.6 Lampreys -- 12.3.7 Reptiles and amphibians -- 12.3.8 Birds -- 12.3.9 Mammals -- 12.4 Time-specific life-tables and survival rates -- 12.4.1 Physiological time -- 12.4.2 Life-table parameters -- 12.4.3 Recruitment in the field -- 12.4.4 Empirical models -- 12.4.5 Intrinsic rate models and variable life-tables -- 12.4.6 Lewis-Leslie matrices and R packages -- References -- 13 Species Richness, Diversity and Packing. 13.1 Diversity.
9781118895252
Animal populations.
Ecology-Technique.
Electronic books.
QH541.28 .S68 2016
577