Coastal Environments and Global Change.
Masselink, Gerd.
Coastal Environments and Global Change. - 1st ed. - 1 online resource (482 pages) - New York Academy of Sciences Series . - New York Academy of Sciences Series .
Intro -- Coastal Environments and Global Change -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Companion Website -- 1 Introduction to Coastal Environments and Global Change -- 1.1 Setting the scene -- 1.1.1 What is the coastal zone? -- 1.1.2 Coastal zone and society -- 1.1.3 Scope of this book and chapter outline -- 1.2 Coastal morphodynamics -- 1.2.1 Research paradigm -- 1.2.2 Coastal morphodynamic systems -- 1.2.3 Morphodynamic feedback -- 1.2.4 Coastal evolution and stratigraphy -- 1.3 Climate change -- 1.3.1 Quaternary climate change -- 1.3.2 Present and future climate change -- 1.4 Modelling coastal change -- 1.4.1 Need for adequate models -- 1.4.2 Conceptual models -- 1.4.3 Empirical models -- 1.4.4 Behaviour-oriented models -- 1.4.5 Process-based morphodynamic models -- 1.4.6 Physical models -- 1.5 Summary -- Key publications -- References -- 2 Sea Level -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 What is sea level? -- 2.1.2 Processes affecting sea level -- 2.1.3 Observing sea level -- 2.1.4 Chapter outline -- 2.2 Quaternary sea-level change -- 2.2.1 Introduction -- 2.2.2 Sea-level observations -- 2.2.3 Interpretation of the observations -- 2.3 Recent and future sea-level change -- 2.3.1 Introduction -- 2.3.2 Sea-level observations -- 2.3.3 Interpretation of the observations -- 2.3.4 Estimating future sea levels -- 2.4 Summary -- Key publications -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Environmental Control: Geology and Sediments -- 3.1 Geology and sediments: setting boundary conditions for coasts -- 3.1.1 Coastal diversity: a heritage of geology and sediments -- 3.1.2 Spatial and temporal scales: from global tectonics to local geological controls -- 3.2 Geology and coasts -- 3.2.1 The pervasive role of plate tectonics -- 3.2.2 The role of Quaternary ice sheets and isostatic rebound on high-latitude coasts -- 3.2.3 Water loading of continental shelves. 3.2.4 Lithology, sediment texture and coasts -- 3.2.5 Other regional to local boundary conditions: coastal orientation and gradient -- 3.3 Sediments and coasts -- 3.3.1 Coastal sediment stacking over time: sequence stratigraphy and sea-level change -- 3.3.2 Sediment accommodation space -- 3.3.3 Terrigenous sediment supply -- 3.3.4 Sediment redistribution from river-mouth to coast -- 3.3.5 Carbonate sediments -- 3.3.6 Sediment supply from soft cliffs -- 3.3.7 Longshore sediment transport -- 3.3.8 Sediment supply from the inner continental shelf -- 3.3.9 Boulders on the shore: an enigmatic issue -- 3.4 Human impacts on sediment supply to coasts -- 3.5 Climate change, geology and sediments -- 3.6 Summary -- Key publications -- References -- 4 Drivers: Waves and Tides -- 4.1 Physical drivers of the coastal environment -- 4.2 Waves -- 4.2.1 Importance and definitions -- 4.2.2 Wave theories -- 4.2.3 Wave generation -- 4.2.4 Wave propagation and shoaling -- 4.2.5 Wave measurement -- 4.2.6 Long waves -- 4.2.7 Wave climate and response to global climate change -- 4.3 Tides -- 4.3.1 Tidal characteristics -- 4.3.2 Equilibrium tides -- 4.3.3 Dynamical considerations -- 4.3.4 Tidal analysis and prediction -- 4.3.5 Tidal currents -- 4.3.6 Global change effects on tides -- 4.4 Summary -- Key publications -- References -- 5 Coastal Hazards: Storms and Tsunamis -- 5.1 Coastal hazards -- 5.1.1 Coastal vulnerability to storm and tsunami hazards -- 5.1.2 Assessing risk -- 5.2 Extratropical storms and tropical cyclones -- 5.2.1 The anatomy of storms and cyclones -- 5.2.2 Vulnerable coasts and the storm cycle -- 5.2.3 Disequilibrium in the storm cycle -- 5.3 Tsunamis -- 5.3.1 Tsunamis in the ocean -- 5.3.2 Tsunamis at the coast -- 5.3.3 Tsunami drawdown -- 5.3.4 Tsunami warning systems -- 5.4 Overwash -- 5.4.1 Overwash impacts -- 5.4.2 Washover deposits. 5.5 Palaeostudies of coastal hazards -- 5.5.1 Reviewing historical documents -- 5.5.2 Using the geological record -- 5.5.3 Overwash studies: successes and limitations -- 5.6 Integrating hazard studies with coastal planning -- 5.7 Cyclones in a warmer world -- 5.8 Summary -- Key publications -- References -- 6 Coastal Groundwater -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The subterranean estuary -- 6.3 Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) -- 6.3.1 Measurement of SGD -- 6.3.2 SGD in the global hydrological cycle -- 6.4 Controls on SGD variability -- 6.4.1 Spatial variations -- 6.4.2 Temporal variations -- 6.5 Human influences -- 6.6 Influence of global climate change -- 6.7 Summary -- 7 Beaches -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Setting -- 7.1.2 Scales of nearshore morphology -- 7.1.3 Scope of this chapter -- 7.2 Nearshore hydrodynamics -- 7.2.1 Wave breaking -- 7.2.2 Wave-generated nearshore currents -- 7.3 Surf-zone morphology -- 7.3.1 Intertidal sandbars -- 7.3.2 Subtidal sandbars: cross-shore migration -- 7.3.3 Subtidal sandbars: alongshore non-uniform dynamics -- 7.4 Anthropogenic activities -- 7.5 Climate change -- 7.5.1 Potential future impacts -- 7.5.2 Quantification of climate change impacts: future directions -- 7.6 Summary -- Key publications -- References -- 8 Coastal Dunes -- 8.1 Conditions for dune formation -- 8.1.1 Aeolian transport -- 8.1.2 Potential for dune building -- 8.1.3 Processes of dune formation -- 8.1.4 Dune fields -- 8.2 Dunes as habitat -- 8.3 Dunes in developed areas -- 8.3.1 Degradational activities -- 8.3.2 Value of dunes -- 8.4 Dune restoration and management -- 8.4.1 Favouring dune building by natural aeolian processes -- 8.4.2 Depositing fill directly -- 8.4.3 Using sand fences -- 8.4.4 Using vegetation -- 8.4.5 Restricting negative human actions -- 8.4.6 Maintaining dune environments -- 8.5 Effects of future climate change. 8.6 Summary -- Key publications -- References -- 9 Barrier Systems -- 9.1 Definition and description of barriers and barrier systems -- 9.2 Classification -- 9.2.1 Barriers -- 9.2.2 Barrier systems -- 9.3 Barrier sub-environments -- 9.4 Theories on barrier formation -- 9.5 Modes of barrier behaviour -- 9.6 Drivers in barrier development and behaviour -- 9.6.1 Introduction -- 9.6.2 Antecedent topography and substrate lithology -- 9.6.3 Relative sea-level change -- 9.6.4 Sediment sources, sinks and fluxes -- 9.6.5 Wind, waves, longshore and cross-shore currents, and tides -- 9.6.6 Storm surges -- 9.6.7 River discharge -- 9.6.8 Climate -- 9.6.9 Flora and fauna -- 9.6.10 Processes and impacts of anthropogenic activities -- 9.7 Barrier sequences as archives of barrier behaviour -- 9.8 Lessons from numerical and conceptual models -- 9.8.1 Data and concepts -- 9.8.2 Model output relevant to barrier-system behaviour -- 9.9 Coastal-zone management and global change -- 9.10 Future perspectives -- 9.11 Summary -- 10 Tidal Flats and Salt Marshes -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Tidal flats -- 10.2.1 Tidal-flat setting -- 10.2.2 Geomorphological and ecosystem functioning -- 10.2.3 Sediments and sedimentology of tidal flats -- 10.2.4 Mud dynamics -- 10.2.5 Post-depositional change -- 10.2.6 Erosion and re-suspension -- 10.3 Salt marshes -- 10.3.1 Salt-marsh ecology -- 10.3.2 Salt-marsh vegetation and biogeography -- 10.3.3 Salt-marsh zonation and succession -- 10.3.4 Geomorphological and ecosystem functioning -- 10.3.5 The role of sedimentation and tides in salt-marsh maintenance -- 10.3.6 Response to sea-level changes -- 10.3.7 Impact of future climate and sea-level change -- 10.4 Human influences -- 10.5 Summary -- 11 Mangrove Shorelines -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Mangrove adaptation in relation to climate zones -- 11.3 Mangrove biogeography. 11.4 Zonation and succession -- 11.5 Geomorphological setting and ecosystem functioning -- 11.6 Sedimentation and morphodynamic feedback -- 11.7 Mangrove response to sea-level change -- 11.8 Human influences -- 11.9 Impact of future climate and sea-level change -- 11.10 Summary -- 12 Estuaries and Tidal Inlets -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Estuaries -- 12.2.1 Introduction -- 12.2.2 Geomorphic settings -- 12.2.3 Salinity stratification -- 12.2.4 Circulation and sedimentation -- 12.2.5 Sedimentary regimes -- 12.2.6 Wave-dominated estuaries -- 12.2.7 Tide-dominated estuaries -- 12.2.8 Effects of floods: New England estuaries -- 12.2.9 Future of estuaries -- 12.3 Tidal inlets -- 12.3.1 Morphodynamics -- 12.3.2 Tidal-inlet formation and evolution -- 12.3.3 Tidal-inlet relationships -- 12.3.4 Sand transport patterns -- 12.3.5 Tidal-inlet effects on adjacent shorelines -- 12.3.6 Human influences -- 12.3.7 Tidal-inlet stratigraphy -- 12.3.8 Tidal-inlet response to sea-level rise -- 12.4 Summary -- References -- 13 Deltas -- 13.1 Deltas: definition, context and environment -- 13.1.1 A definition of deltas -- 13.1.2 The tectonic context of deltas -- 13.1.3 Why do some rivers form deltas? -- 13.2 Delta sub-environments -- 13.2.1 The delta plain -- 13.2.2 The subaqueous delta -- 13.2.3 Deltas and deep-sea fans -- 13.3 The morphodynamic classification of river deltas -- 13.3.1 River-dominated deltas -- 13.3.2 Wave-dominated deltas -- 13.3.3 Tide-dominated deltas -- 13.3.4 Quantifying river, wave and tide controls -- 13.3.5 Spatial and temporal morphodynamic variability -- 13.4 Sediment trapping processes in deltas and coastal sediment redistribution -- 13.4.1 Delta-plain deposition -- 13.4.2 Estuarine processes in deltas -- 13.4.3 River-mouth plumes -- 13.4.4 Marine mud storage and dispersal off river-mouths -- 13.4.5 Bedload deposition in deltaic river-mouths. 13.5 Delta initiation, development and destruction.
9781118825006
Coast changes.
Coastal ecology.
Environmental degradation.
Global warming.
Electronic books.
QC903 .C585 2014
551.45/7
Coastal Environments and Global Change. - 1st ed. - 1 online resource (482 pages) - New York Academy of Sciences Series . - New York Academy of Sciences Series .
Intro -- Coastal Environments and Global Change -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Companion Website -- 1 Introduction to Coastal Environments and Global Change -- 1.1 Setting the scene -- 1.1.1 What is the coastal zone? -- 1.1.2 Coastal zone and society -- 1.1.3 Scope of this book and chapter outline -- 1.2 Coastal morphodynamics -- 1.2.1 Research paradigm -- 1.2.2 Coastal morphodynamic systems -- 1.2.3 Morphodynamic feedback -- 1.2.4 Coastal evolution and stratigraphy -- 1.3 Climate change -- 1.3.1 Quaternary climate change -- 1.3.2 Present and future climate change -- 1.4 Modelling coastal change -- 1.4.1 Need for adequate models -- 1.4.2 Conceptual models -- 1.4.3 Empirical models -- 1.4.4 Behaviour-oriented models -- 1.4.5 Process-based morphodynamic models -- 1.4.6 Physical models -- 1.5 Summary -- Key publications -- References -- 2 Sea Level -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 What is sea level? -- 2.1.2 Processes affecting sea level -- 2.1.3 Observing sea level -- 2.1.4 Chapter outline -- 2.2 Quaternary sea-level change -- 2.2.1 Introduction -- 2.2.2 Sea-level observations -- 2.2.3 Interpretation of the observations -- 2.3 Recent and future sea-level change -- 2.3.1 Introduction -- 2.3.2 Sea-level observations -- 2.3.3 Interpretation of the observations -- 2.3.4 Estimating future sea levels -- 2.4 Summary -- Key publications -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Environmental Control: Geology and Sediments -- 3.1 Geology and sediments: setting boundary conditions for coasts -- 3.1.1 Coastal diversity: a heritage of geology and sediments -- 3.1.2 Spatial and temporal scales: from global tectonics to local geological controls -- 3.2 Geology and coasts -- 3.2.1 The pervasive role of plate tectonics -- 3.2.2 The role of Quaternary ice sheets and isostatic rebound on high-latitude coasts -- 3.2.3 Water loading of continental shelves. 3.2.4 Lithology, sediment texture and coasts -- 3.2.5 Other regional to local boundary conditions: coastal orientation and gradient -- 3.3 Sediments and coasts -- 3.3.1 Coastal sediment stacking over time: sequence stratigraphy and sea-level change -- 3.3.2 Sediment accommodation space -- 3.3.3 Terrigenous sediment supply -- 3.3.4 Sediment redistribution from river-mouth to coast -- 3.3.5 Carbonate sediments -- 3.3.6 Sediment supply from soft cliffs -- 3.3.7 Longshore sediment transport -- 3.3.8 Sediment supply from the inner continental shelf -- 3.3.9 Boulders on the shore: an enigmatic issue -- 3.4 Human impacts on sediment supply to coasts -- 3.5 Climate change, geology and sediments -- 3.6 Summary -- Key publications -- References -- 4 Drivers: Waves and Tides -- 4.1 Physical drivers of the coastal environment -- 4.2 Waves -- 4.2.1 Importance and definitions -- 4.2.2 Wave theories -- 4.2.3 Wave generation -- 4.2.4 Wave propagation and shoaling -- 4.2.5 Wave measurement -- 4.2.6 Long waves -- 4.2.7 Wave climate and response to global climate change -- 4.3 Tides -- 4.3.1 Tidal characteristics -- 4.3.2 Equilibrium tides -- 4.3.3 Dynamical considerations -- 4.3.4 Tidal analysis and prediction -- 4.3.5 Tidal currents -- 4.3.6 Global change effects on tides -- 4.4 Summary -- Key publications -- References -- 5 Coastal Hazards: Storms and Tsunamis -- 5.1 Coastal hazards -- 5.1.1 Coastal vulnerability to storm and tsunami hazards -- 5.1.2 Assessing risk -- 5.2 Extratropical storms and tropical cyclones -- 5.2.1 The anatomy of storms and cyclones -- 5.2.2 Vulnerable coasts and the storm cycle -- 5.2.3 Disequilibrium in the storm cycle -- 5.3 Tsunamis -- 5.3.1 Tsunamis in the ocean -- 5.3.2 Tsunamis at the coast -- 5.3.3 Tsunami drawdown -- 5.3.4 Tsunami warning systems -- 5.4 Overwash -- 5.4.1 Overwash impacts -- 5.4.2 Washover deposits. 5.5 Palaeostudies of coastal hazards -- 5.5.1 Reviewing historical documents -- 5.5.2 Using the geological record -- 5.5.3 Overwash studies: successes and limitations -- 5.6 Integrating hazard studies with coastal planning -- 5.7 Cyclones in a warmer world -- 5.8 Summary -- Key publications -- References -- 6 Coastal Groundwater -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The subterranean estuary -- 6.3 Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) -- 6.3.1 Measurement of SGD -- 6.3.2 SGD in the global hydrological cycle -- 6.4 Controls on SGD variability -- 6.4.1 Spatial variations -- 6.4.2 Temporal variations -- 6.5 Human influences -- 6.6 Influence of global climate change -- 6.7 Summary -- 7 Beaches -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Setting -- 7.1.2 Scales of nearshore morphology -- 7.1.3 Scope of this chapter -- 7.2 Nearshore hydrodynamics -- 7.2.1 Wave breaking -- 7.2.2 Wave-generated nearshore currents -- 7.3 Surf-zone morphology -- 7.3.1 Intertidal sandbars -- 7.3.2 Subtidal sandbars: cross-shore migration -- 7.3.3 Subtidal sandbars: alongshore non-uniform dynamics -- 7.4 Anthropogenic activities -- 7.5 Climate change -- 7.5.1 Potential future impacts -- 7.5.2 Quantification of climate change impacts: future directions -- 7.6 Summary -- Key publications -- References -- 8 Coastal Dunes -- 8.1 Conditions for dune formation -- 8.1.1 Aeolian transport -- 8.1.2 Potential for dune building -- 8.1.3 Processes of dune formation -- 8.1.4 Dune fields -- 8.2 Dunes as habitat -- 8.3 Dunes in developed areas -- 8.3.1 Degradational activities -- 8.3.2 Value of dunes -- 8.4 Dune restoration and management -- 8.4.1 Favouring dune building by natural aeolian processes -- 8.4.2 Depositing fill directly -- 8.4.3 Using sand fences -- 8.4.4 Using vegetation -- 8.4.5 Restricting negative human actions -- 8.4.6 Maintaining dune environments -- 8.5 Effects of future climate change. 8.6 Summary -- Key publications -- References -- 9 Barrier Systems -- 9.1 Definition and description of barriers and barrier systems -- 9.2 Classification -- 9.2.1 Barriers -- 9.2.2 Barrier systems -- 9.3 Barrier sub-environments -- 9.4 Theories on barrier formation -- 9.5 Modes of barrier behaviour -- 9.6 Drivers in barrier development and behaviour -- 9.6.1 Introduction -- 9.6.2 Antecedent topography and substrate lithology -- 9.6.3 Relative sea-level change -- 9.6.4 Sediment sources, sinks and fluxes -- 9.6.5 Wind, waves, longshore and cross-shore currents, and tides -- 9.6.6 Storm surges -- 9.6.7 River discharge -- 9.6.8 Climate -- 9.6.9 Flora and fauna -- 9.6.10 Processes and impacts of anthropogenic activities -- 9.7 Barrier sequences as archives of barrier behaviour -- 9.8 Lessons from numerical and conceptual models -- 9.8.1 Data and concepts -- 9.8.2 Model output relevant to barrier-system behaviour -- 9.9 Coastal-zone management and global change -- 9.10 Future perspectives -- 9.11 Summary -- 10 Tidal Flats and Salt Marshes -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Tidal flats -- 10.2.1 Tidal-flat setting -- 10.2.2 Geomorphological and ecosystem functioning -- 10.2.3 Sediments and sedimentology of tidal flats -- 10.2.4 Mud dynamics -- 10.2.5 Post-depositional change -- 10.2.6 Erosion and re-suspension -- 10.3 Salt marshes -- 10.3.1 Salt-marsh ecology -- 10.3.2 Salt-marsh vegetation and biogeography -- 10.3.3 Salt-marsh zonation and succession -- 10.3.4 Geomorphological and ecosystem functioning -- 10.3.5 The role of sedimentation and tides in salt-marsh maintenance -- 10.3.6 Response to sea-level changes -- 10.3.7 Impact of future climate and sea-level change -- 10.4 Human influences -- 10.5 Summary -- 11 Mangrove Shorelines -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Mangrove adaptation in relation to climate zones -- 11.3 Mangrove biogeography. 11.4 Zonation and succession -- 11.5 Geomorphological setting and ecosystem functioning -- 11.6 Sedimentation and morphodynamic feedback -- 11.7 Mangrove response to sea-level change -- 11.8 Human influences -- 11.9 Impact of future climate and sea-level change -- 11.10 Summary -- 12 Estuaries and Tidal Inlets -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Estuaries -- 12.2.1 Introduction -- 12.2.2 Geomorphic settings -- 12.2.3 Salinity stratification -- 12.2.4 Circulation and sedimentation -- 12.2.5 Sedimentary regimes -- 12.2.6 Wave-dominated estuaries -- 12.2.7 Tide-dominated estuaries -- 12.2.8 Effects of floods: New England estuaries -- 12.2.9 Future of estuaries -- 12.3 Tidal inlets -- 12.3.1 Morphodynamics -- 12.3.2 Tidal-inlet formation and evolution -- 12.3.3 Tidal-inlet relationships -- 12.3.4 Sand transport patterns -- 12.3.5 Tidal-inlet effects on adjacent shorelines -- 12.3.6 Human influences -- 12.3.7 Tidal-inlet stratigraphy -- 12.3.8 Tidal-inlet response to sea-level rise -- 12.4 Summary -- References -- 13 Deltas -- 13.1 Deltas: definition, context and environment -- 13.1.1 A definition of deltas -- 13.1.2 The tectonic context of deltas -- 13.1.3 Why do some rivers form deltas? -- 13.2 Delta sub-environments -- 13.2.1 The delta plain -- 13.2.2 The subaqueous delta -- 13.2.3 Deltas and deep-sea fans -- 13.3 The morphodynamic classification of river deltas -- 13.3.1 River-dominated deltas -- 13.3.2 Wave-dominated deltas -- 13.3.3 Tide-dominated deltas -- 13.3.4 Quantifying river, wave and tide controls -- 13.3.5 Spatial and temporal morphodynamic variability -- 13.4 Sediment trapping processes in deltas and coastal sediment redistribution -- 13.4.1 Delta-plain deposition -- 13.4.2 Estuarine processes in deltas -- 13.4.3 River-mouth plumes -- 13.4.4 Marine mud storage and dispersal off river-mouths -- 13.4.5 Bedload deposition in deltaic river-mouths. 13.5 Delta initiation, development and destruction.
9781118825006
Coast changes.
Coastal ecology.
Environmental degradation.
Global warming.
Electronic books.
QC903 .C585 2014
551.45/7