The Science of Health Disparities Research.
Dankwa-Mullan, Irene.
The Science of Health Disparities Research. - 1st ed. - 1 online resource (526 pages)
Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1 Definitions, Principles, and Concepts for Minority Health and Health Disparities Research -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 NIMHD Mission -- 1.3 Definitions and Concepts of Minority Health and Health Disparities -- 1.3.1 Racial/Ethnic Minority Populations -- 1.3.2 Minority Health and Minority Health Research -- 1.3.3 Health Disparities and Health Disparities Research -- 1.3.4 Is It Minority Health or Health Disparities? -- 1.3.5 Standardized Measures of Minority Health- and Health Disparities-Related Constructs -- 1.4 The NIMHD Research Framework: Health Determinants in Action -- 1.5 Inclusion of Diverse Participants in Clinical Research -- 1.6 Conclusions -- 1.7 Key Points -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 2 Getting Under the Skin: Pathways and Processes that Link Social and Biological Determinants of Disease -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Allostasis and Allostatic Load -- 2.3 The HPA Axis -- 2.3.1 How We Feed: The Role of the Hypothalamus in Pathways Controlling Feeding and Nutrition -- 2.3.2 How We Sleep: Light-Day Cycle, Circadian Clock, and Hypothalamic Linkages to Metabolic Control and Sleep -- 2.3.3 How We Feel: Stress and the Role of HPA Axis in Memory and Mood -- 2.4 Anticipatory Biology and Behavior: The Embedding of Exposures Across the Life Course -- 2.4.1 Studies of Stress and Allostatic Load Across the Life Course -- 2.5 Sleep -- 2.5.1 Sleep Health Disparities and Allostatic Load -- 2.5.2 Sleep Health Disparities and Genetics -- 2.5.3 Methodologies in Sleep Research -- 2.6 How We Feed: Nutrition and Nutrition-related Health Disparities -- 2.7 How We Feel: Mood and Depression -- 2.8 Summary -- 2.9 Key Points -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 3 Racial/Ethnic, Socioeconomic, and Other Social Determinants. 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Introduction to the Topic, Including Key Definitions -- 3.3 Used and Recommended Measures and Research Methods -- 3.3.1 Conceptual Model -- 3.3.2 US Census Definitions -- 3.3.3 Race Versus Ethnicity -- 3.4 How and Why this Topic is Important to Minority Health and Health Disparities Research -- 3.4.1 The Epidemiological Profile of Racial/Ethnic Minorities -- 3.4.2 Other Social Determinants -- 3.5 Selected Examples of the State of the Science in the Field to Illustrate Best Practices -- 3.5.1 Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities Study -- 3.5.2 Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos -- 3.5.3 Pittsburgh Hill/Homewood Research on Neighborhoods and Health Study -- 3.6 Challenges and Future Opportunities -- 3.6.1 Biological Links to Social Determinants -- 3.7 Summary -- 3.8 Key Points -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 4 Behavioral Determinants in Population Health and Health Disparities Research -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Importance of Behavioral Determinants to Minority Health and Health Disparities Research -- 4.3 Relevant Metrics and Research Methods -- 4.3.1 Relevant Metrics -- 4.3.2 Research Methods -- 4.4 State of the Science: Promising Practices -- 4.4.1 Salud America! -- 4.4.2 Health Technology-New Vital Signs -- 4.4.3 Health Technology-Smartphone Use -- 4.4.4 Underresearched Constituencies -- 4.4.5 Advancing the Cycle of Better Care, Better Health, Lower Costs -- 4.5 Challenges and Future Opportunities -- 4.6 Summary -- 4.7 Key Points -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 5 Sociocultural Environments and Health Disparities Research: Frameworks, Methods, and Promising Directions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Selected Overarching Sociocultural Environment Factors -- 5.2.1 Culture -- 5.2.2 Acculturation -- 5.2.3 Racism -- 5.2.4 Interconnection of Race/Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status. 5.3 Social Capital and Health Disparities -- 5.3.1 Definitions and Operationalization -- 5.3.2 Relationship to Health Disparities -- 5.3.3 Social Capital Interventions -- 5.3.4 Future Directions for Social Capital Research -- 5.4 Implicit Bias of Healthcare Providers -- 5.4.1 Relationship Between Implicit Bias and Behavior -- 5.4.2 Promising Interventions that Reduce Biased Behavior -- 5.5 Sociocultural Factors that Influence the Quality of Healthcare Provider-Patient Interactions and Communication -- 5.5.1 Communication Characteristics -- 5.5.2 Cultural Factors -- 5.5.3 Factors Related to Individual Values and Beliefs -- 5.5.4 Conclusion -- 5.6 Synthesis -- 5.6.1 Culture -- 5.6.2 Adaptations to New Cultural Contexts -- 5.6.3 Social Capital -- 5.6.4 Implicit Bias -- 5.6.5 Patient-Provider Communication -- 5.7 Key Points -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 6 Physical Environment, and Minority Health and Health Disparities Research -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Methodologies and Measures -- 6.2.1 Exposure Assessment -- 6.2.2 Biomarkers of Exposure -- 6.2.3 Qualitative Research -- 6.3 Importance of Physical Environment Determinants to Health Disparities Research -- 6.3.1 Housing -- 6.3.2 Food and Green Space Access -- 6.3.3 Neighborhood Walkability -- 6.3.4 Air Pollution -- 6.3.5 Toxic Metals Exposure -- 6.4 Case Study -- 6.4.1 Urban Built Environment: Park Equity in Los Angeles -- 6.5 Challenges and Opportunities -- 6.5.1 Challenges -- 6.5.2 Opportunities -- 6.6 Key Points -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 7 Genome-wide Genetic Approaches to Metabolic and Inflammatory Health Disparities -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Landscape of Genetic Variation -- 7.3 Pathogenic Potential of Low-frequency and Rare Variants -- 7.4 Admixture in the Americas -- 7.5 Identifying Disease Genes Associated with Health Disparities: Methods and Approaches. 7.5.1 Genome-wide Association Studies -- 7.5.2 Mapping by Admixture Linkage Disequilibrium -- 7.6 Joint Admixture Mapping and Genome-wide Association Studies for Gene Discovery in Admixed Populations -- 7.7 Whole-Genome and Whole-Exome Sequencing Approaches to Health Disparities -- 7.8 Summary -- 7.9 Key Points -- Definitions -- References -- Chapter 8 Biologic Factors and Molecular Determinants in Inflammatory and Metabolic Diseases -- 8.1 Introduction and Approaches -- 8.2 Asthma -- 8.3 Metabolic Syndrome, Obesity, and Diabetes -- 8.4 Lupus and Other Rheumatologic Diseases -- 8.5 Kidney Disease -- 8.6 Key Points -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 9 Insights into the Genomic Landscape of African Ancestry Populations: Implications for Health and Disease Disparities -- 9.1 Introduction: Viewing the Complex Architecture of African Genomes from a Global Perspective -- 9.2 Adaptive Forces that Shaped the Human Genome in Health and Disease among African Ancestry Populations -- 9.2.1 Protection Against Malaria -- 9.2.2 Protection Against African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosomiasis) -- 9.2.3 Protection Against Lassa Fever -- 9.2.4 Ecological Adaptations to Tropical Climate (Hypertension and Skin Pigmentation) -- 9.3 Pharmacogenomics -- 9.4 Considerations for Future Studies -- 9.5 Conclusions -- 9.6 Key Points -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 10 Applying Self-report Measures in Minority Health and Health Disparities Research -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Measurement Issues When Using Self-report Measures in Diverse Populations -- 10.2.1 Conceptual Adequacy and Equivalence -- 10.2.2 Psychometric Adequacy and Equivalence -- 10.3 Methods for Evaluating Conceptual and Psychometric Properties of Self-report Measures -- 10.3.1 Methods for Assessing Conceptual Adequacy and Equivalence -- 10.3.2 Methods for Assessing Psychometric Adequacy and Equivalence. 10.4 Locating and Selecting Self-report Measures for Use in Diverse Populations -- 10.4.1 Resources for Locating Measures -- 10.4.2 Template for Reviewing Self-report Measures for Appropriateness in Your Study -- 10.5 Adapting Measures for Diverse Populations -- 10.5.1 Examining the Breadth and Meaning of Constructs -- 10.5.2 Language Translation of Measures -- 10.6 Future Directions -- 10.6.1 Interactions of Socioeconomic Status and Race/Ethnicity Across the Life Course -- 10.6.2 Measuring Culture and Acculturation Processes -- 10.7 Conclusions -- 10.8 Key Points -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 11 Conducting Community-based Participatory Research with Minority Communities to Reduce Health Disparities -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Learning Objectives -- 11.2 Conducting Community-based Participatory Research with Minority Communities to Reduce Health Disparities -- 11.3 Evidence of CBPR Effectiveness and Advancement in CBPR Evaluation -- 11.4 Case Studies -- 11.4.1 Connecting to Testing and Prevention -- 11.4.2 Healthy Living: The Chinese Lay Health Workers Project -- 11.4.3 Nuestro Futuro Saludable [Our Healthy Future] -- 11.4.4 Participatory Health Impact Assessment to Inform Tribal Policy -- 11.4.5 Pacific Islander "Let's Move" -- 11.5 Anticipating Challenges and Opportunities in CBPR -- 11.6 Research Support for CBPR -- 11.7 Conclusions -- 11.8 Key Points -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 12 Racial/Ethnic Health and Healthcare Disparities Measurement: The Application of the Principles and Methods of Causal Inference -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Aligning Definitions of Disparity with Appropriate Statistical Methods -- 12.2.1 Definitions of Racial/Ethnic Healthcare Disparity -- 12.3 A Method of Measuring Healthcare Disparities Incorporating a "Counterfactual" Scenario. 12.4 Extending the Use of "Partial Differencing" to Identifying Targets for Health and Healthcare Disparities Reduction Using Decomposition Methods.
9781119374831
Minorities-Medical care-United States.
Electronic books.
RA448.4 .S354 2021
The Science of Health Disparities Research. - 1st ed. - 1 online resource (526 pages)
Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1 Definitions, Principles, and Concepts for Minority Health and Health Disparities Research -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 NIMHD Mission -- 1.3 Definitions and Concepts of Minority Health and Health Disparities -- 1.3.1 Racial/Ethnic Minority Populations -- 1.3.2 Minority Health and Minority Health Research -- 1.3.3 Health Disparities and Health Disparities Research -- 1.3.4 Is It Minority Health or Health Disparities? -- 1.3.5 Standardized Measures of Minority Health- and Health Disparities-Related Constructs -- 1.4 The NIMHD Research Framework: Health Determinants in Action -- 1.5 Inclusion of Diverse Participants in Clinical Research -- 1.6 Conclusions -- 1.7 Key Points -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 2 Getting Under the Skin: Pathways and Processes that Link Social and Biological Determinants of Disease -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Allostasis and Allostatic Load -- 2.3 The HPA Axis -- 2.3.1 How We Feed: The Role of the Hypothalamus in Pathways Controlling Feeding and Nutrition -- 2.3.2 How We Sleep: Light-Day Cycle, Circadian Clock, and Hypothalamic Linkages to Metabolic Control and Sleep -- 2.3.3 How We Feel: Stress and the Role of HPA Axis in Memory and Mood -- 2.4 Anticipatory Biology and Behavior: The Embedding of Exposures Across the Life Course -- 2.4.1 Studies of Stress and Allostatic Load Across the Life Course -- 2.5 Sleep -- 2.5.1 Sleep Health Disparities and Allostatic Load -- 2.5.2 Sleep Health Disparities and Genetics -- 2.5.3 Methodologies in Sleep Research -- 2.6 How We Feed: Nutrition and Nutrition-related Health Disparities -- 2.7 How We Feel: Mood and Depression -- 2.8 Summary -- 2.9 Key Points -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 3 Racial/Ethnic, Socioeconomic, and Other Social Determinants. 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Introduction to the Topic, Including Key Definitions -- 3.3 Used and Recommended Measures and Research Methods -- 3.3.1 Conceptual Model -- 3.3.2 US Census Definitions -- 3.3.3 Race Versus Ethnicity -- 3.4 How and Why this Topic is Important to Minority Health and Health Disparities Research -- 3.4.1 The Epidemiological Profile of Racial/Ethnic Minorities -- 3.4.2 Other Social Determinants -- 3.5 Selected Examples of the State of the Science in the Field to Illustrate Best Practices -- 3.5.1 Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities Study -- 3.5.2 Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos -- 3.5.3 Pittsburgh Hill/Homewood Research on Neighborhoods and Health Study -- 3.6 Challenges and Future Opportunities -- 3.6.1 Biological Links to Social Determinants -- 3.7 Summary -- 3.8 Key Points -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 4 Behavioral Determinants in Population Health and Health Disparities Research -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Importance of Behavioral Determinants to Minority Health and Health Disparities Research -- 4.3 Relevant Metrics and Research Methods -- 4.3.1 Relevant Metrics -- 4.3.2 Research Methods -- 4.4 State of the Science: Promising Practices -- 4.4.1 Salud America! -- 4.4.2 Health Technology-New Vital Signs -- 4.4.3 Health Technology-Smartphone Use -- 4.4.4 Underresearched Constituencies -- 4.4.5 Advancing the Cycle of Better Care, Better Health, Lower Costs -- 4.5 Challenges and Future Opportunities -- 4.6 Summary -- 4.7 Key Points -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 5 Sociocultural Environments and Health Disparities Research: Frameworks, Methods, and Promising Directions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Selected Overarching Sociocultural Environment Factors -- 5.2.1 Culture -- 5.2.2 Acculturation -- 5.2.3 Racism -- 5.2.4 Interconnection of Race/Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status. 5.3 Social Capital and Health Disparities -- 5.3.1 Definitions and Operationalization -- 5.3.2 Relationship to Health Disparities -- 5.3.3 Social Capital Interventions -- 5.3.4 Future Directions for Social Capital Research -- 5.4 Implicit Bias of Healthcare Providers -- 5.4.1 Relationship Between Implicit Bias and Behavior -- 5.4.2 Promising Interventions that Reduce Biased Behavior -- 5.5 Sociocultural Factors that Influence the Quality of Healthcare Provider-Patient Interactions and Communication -- 5.5.1 Communication Characteristics -- 5.5.2 Cultural Factors -- 5.5.3 Factors Related to Individual Values and Beliefs -- 5.5.4 Conclusion -- 5.6 Synthesis -- 5.6.1 Culture -- 5.6.2 Adaptations to New Cultural Contexts -- 5.6.3 Social Capital -- 5.6.4 Implicit Bias -- 5.6.5 Patient-Provider Communication -- 5.7 Key Points -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 6 Physical Environment, and Minority Health and Health Disparities Research -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Methodologies and Measures -- 6.2.1 Exposure Assessment -- 6.2.2 Biomarkers of Exposure -- 6.2.3 Qualitative Research -- 6.3 Importance of Physical Environment Determinants to Health Disparities Research -- 6.3.1 Housing -- 6.3.2 Food and Green Space Access -- 6.3.3 Neighborhood Walkability -- 6.3.4 Air Pollution -- 6.3.5 Toxic Metals Exposure -- 6.4 Case Study -- 6.4.1 Urban Built Environment: Park Equity in Los Angeles -- 6.5 Challenges and Opportunities -- 6.5.1 Challenges -- 6.5.2 Opportunities -- 6.6 Key Points -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 7 Genome-wide Genetic Approaches to Metabolic and Inflammatory Health Disparities -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Landscape of Genetic Variation -- 7.3 Pathogenic Potential of Low-frequency and Rare Variants -- 7.4 Admixture in the Americas -- 7.5 Identifying Disease Genes Associated with Health Disparities: Methods and Approaches. 7.5.1 Genome-wide Association Studies -- 7.5.2 Mapping by Admixture Linkage Disequilibrium -- 7.6 Joint Admixture Mapping and Genome-wide Association Studies for Gene Discovery in Admixed Populations -- 7.7 Whole-Genome and Whole-Exome Sequencing Approaches to Health Disparities -- 7.8 Summary -- 7.9 Key Points -- Definitions -- References -- Chapter 8 Biologic Factors and Molecular Determinants in Inflammatory and Metabolic Diseases -- 8.1 Introduction and Approaches -- 8.2 Asthma -- 8.3 Metabolic Syndrome, Obesity, and Diabetes -- 8.4 Lupus and Other Rheumatologic Diseases -- 8.5 Kidney Disease -- 8.6 Key Points -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 9 Insights into the Genomic Landscape of African Ancestry Populations: Implications for Health and Disease Disparities -- 9.1 Introduction: Viewing the Complex Architecture of African Genomes from a Global Perspective -- 9.2 Adaptive Forces that Shaped the Human Genome in Health and Disease among African Ancestry Populations -- 9.2.1 Protection Against Malaria -- 9.2.2 Protection Against African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosomiasis) -- 9.2.3 Protection Against Lassa Fever -- 9.2.4 Ecological Adaptations to Tropical Climate (Hypertension and Skin Pigmentation) -- 9.3 Pharmacogenomics -- 9.4 Considerations for Future Studies -- 9.5 Conclusions -- 9.6 Key Points -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 10 Applying Self-report Measures in Minority Health and Health Disparities Research -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Measurement Issues When Using Self-report Measures in Diverse Populations -- 10.2.1 Conceptual Adequacy and Equivalence -- 10.2.2 Psychometric Adequacy and Equivalence -- 10.3 Methods for Evaluating Conceptual and Psychometric Properties of Self-report Measures -- 10.3.1 Methods for Assessing Conceptual Adequacy and Equivalence -- 10.3.2 Methods for Assessing Psychometric Adequacy and Equivalence. 10.4 Locating and Selecting Self-report Measures for Use in Diverse Populations -- 10.4.1 Resources for Locating Measures -- 10.4.2 Template for Reviewing Self-report Measures for Appropriateness in Your Study -- 10.5 Adapting Measures for Diverse Populations -- 10.5.1 Examining the Breadth and Meaning of Constructs -- 10.5.2 Language Translation of Measures -- 10.6 Future Directions -- 10.6.1 Interactions of Socioeconomic Status and Race/Ethnicity Across the Life Course -- 10.6.2 Measuring Culture and Acculturation Processes -- 10.7 Conclusions -- 10.8 Key Points -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 11 Conducting Community-based Participatory Research with Minority Communities to Reduce Health Disparities -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Learning Objectives -- 11.2 Conducting Community-based Participatory Research with Minority Communities to Reduce Health Disparities -- 11.3 Evidence of CBPR Effectiveness and Advancement in CBPR Evaluation -- 11.4 Case Studies -- 11.4.1 Connecting to Testing and Prevention -- 11.4.2 Healthy Living: The Chinese Lay Health Workers Project -- 11.4.3 Nuestro Futuro Saludable [Our Healthy Future] -- 11.4.4 Participatory Health Impact Assessment to Inform Tribal Policy -- 11.4.5 Pacific Islander "Let's Move" -- 11.5 Anticipating Challenges and Opportunities in CBPR -- 11.6 Research Support for CBPR -- 11.7 Conclusions -- 11.8 Key Points -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 12 Racial/Ethnic Health and Healthcare Disparities Measurement: The Application of the Principles and Methods of Causal Inference -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Aligning Definitions of Disparity with Appropriate Statistical Methods -- 12.2.1 Definitions of Racial/Ethnic Healthcare Disparity -- 12.3 A Method of Measuring Healthcare Disparities Incorporating a "Counterfactual" Scenario. 12.4 Extending the Use of "Partial Differencing" to Identifying Targets for Health and Healthcare Disparities Reduction Using Decomposition Methods.
9781119374831
Minorities-Medical care-United States.
Electronic books.
RA448.4 .S354 2021