Ultraviolet Disinfection for Wastewater.
Federation, Water Environment.
Ultraviolet Disinfection for Wastewater. - 1st ed. - 1 online resource (230 pages)
Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Introduction Robert Bastian and Katherine (Kati) Y. Bell, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE -- 1.0 PURPOSE -- 1.1 Perspective -- 1.2 History of Ultraviolet Disinfection -- 1.3 Disinfection Criteria -- 1.3.1 Indicator Bacteria -- 1.3.2 Enumeration Methods for Indicator Bacteria -- 2.0 REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS -- 2.1 Regulatory Frameworks in the United States and Canada -- 2.2 Regulatory Drivers for Ultraviolet Disinfection -- 3.0 OTHER RELATED GUIDANCE -- 4.0 ORGANIZATION OF THE PUBLICATION -- 5.0 REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 Ultraviolet Disinfection Process Concepts and Equipment Systems Karl G. Linden, Ph.D., and Hadas Mamane, Ph.D. -- 1.0 PRINCIPLES OF ULTRAVIOLET DISINFECTION -- 1.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum -- 1.2 Properties of Ultraviolet Light -- 1.2.1 Properties of a Photon -- 1.2.2 Ultraviolet Absorbance and Transmittance -- 1.2.3 Laws of Photochemistry -- 1.2.4 Ultraviolet Scattering -- 1.3 Germicidal Action of Ultraviolet Light -- 1.3.1 Nucleic Acid Damage -- 1.3.2 Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Protein Absorbance -- 1.3.3 Ultraviolet Action Spectrum -- 1.3.3.1 Means to Obtain an Action Spectrum -- 1.3.3.2 Action Spectrum by Organism -- 1.3.3.3 Can the Deoxyribonucleic Acid Absorbance Spectrum Represent the Action Spectrum? -- 1.4 Microbial Repair and Regrowth -- 1.4.1 Photo-Reactivation -- 1.4.2 Dark Repair -- 1.4.3 Regrowth -- 2.0 ULTRAVIOLET DOSE RESPONSES OF PATHOGENS AND SURROGATES -- 2.1 Collimated Beam Testing -- 2.1.1 Types of Collimated Beams -- 2.1.2 Ultraviolet Dose Measurements and Calculation -- 2.1.3 Factors Affecting Ultraviolet Dose Calculation -- 2.2 Data on Microbe Dose Response -- 2.2.1 Bacteria -- 2.2.2 Viruses -- 2.2.3 Protozoa -- 3.0 ULTRAVIOLET LAMP TECHNOLOGIES -- 3.1 Low-Pressure Ultraviolet Lamps. 3.2 Low-Pressure High-Output Ultraviolet Lamps -- 3.3 Medium-Pressure Ultraviolet Lamps -- 3.4 Alternative Lamp Technologies -- 3.4.1 Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes -- 3.4.2 Microwave Ultraviolet Radiation -- 3.4.3 Pulsed Ultraviolet Lamps -- 3.4.4 Excimer Lamps -- 4.0 REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 Bioassay Methods to Determine the Ultraviolet Dose (Fluence) Delivery of an Ultraviolet System G. Elliott Whitby, Ph.D., and Bill Sotirakos -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 BIOASSAY PROTOCOL FOR WASTEWATER -- 2.1 Planning and Preparation -- 2.1.1 Test Ultraviolet System Characteristics -- 2.1.2 Challenge Microorganisms Used in Validations -- 2.1.3 Water Source Key Characteristics -- 2.1.4 Absorbing Chemical -- 2.1.5 Mixing and Sampling -- 2.1.6 Lamp Variability and Ultraviolet Sensor Port Window Testing -- 2.1.7 Measurement Equipment -- 2.2 Inlet/Outlet Structures -- 2.3 Test Lamps -- 2.4 Test Conditions and Quality Assurance/Quality Control Samples -- 2.5 Third-Party Oversight -- 3.0 MICROBIOLOGICAL TESTING -- 3.1 Preparing the Challenge Microorganism -- 3.2 Verifying Ultraviolet Reactor Properties and Ultraviolet-Intensity Sensor Performance -- 3.3 Measuring Ultraviolet Dose (Fluence) Delivery -- 3.4 Collimated Beam Testing -- 3.5 Validation and Data Analysis -- 4.0 EXISTING DATA -- 5.0 REPORTING -- 6.0 BIOASSAY VALIDATION EXEMPLAR -- 6.1 Validation Study -- 6.2 Hydraulic Characterization -- 6.3 System Parameters -- 6.3.1 Power Measurements -- 6.3.2 Ultraviolet Sensor Readings -- 6.3.3 Headloss and Water Level -- 6.4 Bioassay Testing -- 6.4.1 Collimated Beam Analysis -- 6.4.2 Bioassay Test Procedure -- 6.4.3 Log Inactivation (Log I) Equation -- 6.4.4 Bioassay Results and Data Analysis -- 6.5 Summary -- 7.0 REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 Innovations and Advances in Ultraviolet Reactor Analysis and Validation Ernest (Chip) R. Blatchley III, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, F. ASCE. Karl Scheible -- and Chengyue Shen, Ph.D., P.E. -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 FACTORS AFFECTING ULTRAVIOLET DISINFECTION REACTOR PERFORMANCE -- 3.0 CONTEMPORARY METHODS FOR ULTRAVIOLET REACTOR VALIDATION -- 4.0 EMERGING STRATEGY FOR REACTOR VALIDATION: STOCHASTIC APPROACH -- 5.0 REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 Process Design and System Sizing Andrew Salveson, P.E. -- Keith Bourgeous, Ph.D., P.E. -- Nicola Fontaine -- Norayo Noibi -- and Bill Sotirakos -- 1.0 DISINFECTION PERMIT REQUIREMENTS -- 2.0 WASTEWATER QUALITY EFFECTS ON ULTRAVIOLET DISINFECTION -- 2.1 Effluent Water Quality -- 2.1.1 Dissolved Constituents and Their Effect on Ultraviolet Absorbance and Transmittance -- 2.1.1.1 Dissolved Organic Matter -- 2.1.1.2 Inorganic Compounds -- 2.1.2 Particles -- 2.2 Water Quality Characterization Tools -- 2.2.1 Turbidity -- 2.2.2 Total Suspended Solids -- 2.2.3 Ultraviolet Transmittance -- 2.2.3.1 Seasonal and Diurnal Ultraviolet Transmittance Variability -- 2.2.3.2 Secondary Process Effects on Ultraviolet Transmittance -- 2.2.3.3 Chemical Effects on Ultraviolet Transmittance -- 2.2.3.4 Industrial Effects on Ultraviolet Transmittance -- 2.2.3.5 Sidestream Flow Effects on Ultraviolet Transmittance -- 2.3 Upstream Processes to Improve Water Quality -- 2.4 Fouling of Lamp Sleeves, Lamp Racks, and Channels -- 3.0 REACTOR SELECTION CRITERIA -- 3.1 System Configurations -- 3.1.1 Closed Vessel -- 3.1.2 Open Channel -- 3.1.3 Lamp Orientation -- 3.1.4 Non-Submerged Ultraviolet Lamp Systems -- 3.1.5 Lamp Spacing -- 3.2 Establishing Design Criteria -- 3.2.1 Flow -- 3.2.2 Headloss and Water Level -- 3.2.3 Influent and Effluent Water Quality -- 3.3 Design Dose and Dose Control Strategies -- 3.3.1 System Monitoring -- 3.3.2 Dose Delivery Strategies -- 3.3.2.1 Dose Pacing Based on Flow, Ultraviolet Transmittance, and Power Setting. 3.3.2.2 Dose as a Function of Flow, Ultraviolet Transmittance, and Ultraviolet Intensity -- 4.0 ULTRAVIOLET SYSTEM SIZING EXAMPLE -- 5.0 REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 Equipment Selection, Facility Design, and Project Delivery Katherine (Kati) Y. Bell, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, and Joshua E. Goldman, Ph.D. -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS -- 2.1 Project Capital Costs -- 2.1.1 Ultraviolet Equipment Capital -- 2.1.2 Construction Costs -- 2.2 Operation and Maintenance Costs -- 2.2.1 Power Consumption and System Efficiency -- 2.2.2 Replacement Parts -- 2.2.2.1 Lamps and Sleeves -- 2.2.2.2 Ballasts and Drivers -- 2.2.3 Cleaning Components -- 2.2.4 Intensity Sensors and Ultraviolet Transmittance Analyzers -- 2.2.5 Operations and Maintenance Labor -- 2.3 Calculating Life Cycle Costs -- 2.4 Non-Cost Considerations -- 2.4.1 Headloss Effects -- 2.4.2 Constructability and Maintenance of Facility Operations during Construction -- 2.4.3 Operation and Maintenance Considerations -- 2.4.4 Warranties, Service, and Manufacturer Reliability -- 2.4.5 Reference Installations and Other Considerations -- 3.0 FACILITY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS -- 3.1 Site and System Hydraulics -- 3.1.1 Available Head -- 3.1.2 Open-Channel Versus Closed-Channel Systems -- 3.1.3 Flow Splitting, Flow Distribution, and Flow Control -- 3.1.4 Flow Measurement -- 3.1.5 Level Control -- 3.2 Power Requirements and Power Redundancy -- 3.3 Process Redundancy -- 3.4 Ultraviolet System Layout -- 3.4.1 Lifting Devices -- 3.4.2 Ultraviolet System Ballast Cabinets, Control Panels, and System Instrumentation -- 3.4.3 Sleeve Cleaning Methods and Ancillary Facilities -- 4.0 REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 Ultraviolet Project Delivery, Startup, and Commissioning Gary L. Hunter, P.E., BCEE -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 PROJECT DELIVERY METHODS -- 2.1 Design/Bid/Build -- 2.2 Construction Management at Risk. 2.3 Design/Build -- 2.4 Equipment Procurement Methods -- 3.0 KEY CONSIDERATIONS DURING CONSTRUCTION -- 4.0 KEY ACTIVITIES DURING STARTUP -- 4.1 Commissioning, Startup, and Testing Plan -- 4.2 Startup Checks -- 4.3 Functional Acceptance Testing -- 5.0 KEY ACTIVITIES DURING PERFORMANCE TESTING -- 5.1 Operational Acceptance Testing -- 5.2 Performance Testing -- 5.2.1 Testing Protocols -- 5.2.2 Testing Duration -- 5.2.3 Flow -- 5.2.4 Water Quality -- 5.2.5 Analysis of Data -- 5.3 Alternative Performance Testing Methods -- 5.3.1 Stress Testing -- 5.3.2 Velocity Profile Testing -- 6.0 PERFORMANCE STANDARDS AND SYSTEM ACCEPTANCE -- 6.1 Power Consumption -- 6.2 Headloss -- 6.3 Enforcing Manufacturer Guarantees -- 7.0 REFERENCE -- Chapter 8 Operational Considerations Jay Swift, P.E., and Chad Newton -- 1.0 ROUTINE OPERATION -- 2.0 SAFETY -- 2.1 Electrical Hazards -- 2.2 Ultraviolet Radiation Hazards -- 2.3 Lifting Hazards -- 2.4 Chemical Hazards -- 2.5 Other Hazards -- 3.0 PROCESS MONITORING -- 3.1 Ultraviolet-Intensity Sensors -- 3.2 Ultraviolet Transmittance Meters -- 3.3 Flow Monitoring -- 3.4 Level Monitoring -- 3.5 Temperature Monitoring -- 3.6 Warnings and Alarms -- 4.0 OPERATIONAL STRATEGIES -- 4.1 Energy Conservation -- 4.2 System Redundancy (Multiple Banks and Channels) -- 5.0 ELECTRICAL AND CONTROL SYSTEMS -- 5.1 Power Requirements and Power Redundancy -- 5.3 Control Cabinets/Programmable Logic Controllers -- 5.4 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System Integration -- 6.0 MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS -- 6.1 Lamp Replacement -- 6.2 Sleeve Replacement -- 6.3 Ballast Replacement -- 6.4 Sleeve Cleaning -- 6.5 Channel Cleaning -- 7.0 ANCILLARY SYSTEMS -- 7.1 Chemical Cleaning Tanks/Stations -- 7.2 Air Compressors/Blowers -- 7.3 Bank/Module Lifting -- 8.0 TROUBLESHOOTING -- 8.1 Electrical Issues -- 8.2 Low Ultraviolet Transmittance -- 8.3 Hydraulics. 8.4 Upstream Process Effects.
9781572783171
Sewage-Purification-Ultraviolet treatment.
Electronic books.
TD747.5 / .W38 2015
628.32000000000005
Ultraviolet Disinfection for Wastewater. - 1st ed. - 1 online resource (230 pages)
Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Introduction Robert Bastian and Katherine (Kati) Y. Bell, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE -- 1.0 PURPOSE -- 1.1 Perspective -- 1.2 History of Ultraviolet Disinfection -- 1.3 Disinfection Criteria -- 1.3.1 Indicator Bacteria -- 1.3.2 Enumeration Methods for Indicator Bacteria -- 2.0 REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS -- 2.1 Regulatory Frameworks in the United States and Canada -- 2.2 Regulatory Drivers for Ultraviolet Disinfection -- 3.0 OTHER RELATED GUIDANCE -- 4.0 ORGANIZATION OF THE PUBLICATION -- 5.0 REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 Ultraviolet Disinfection Process Concepts and Equipment Systems Karl G. Linden, Ph.D., and Hadas Mamane, Ph.D. -- 1.0 PRINCIPLES OF ULTRAVIOLET DISINFECTION -- 1.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum -- 1.2 Properties of Ultraviolet Light -- 1.2.1 Properties of a Photon -- 1.2.2 Ultraviolet Absorbance and Transmittance -- 1.2.3 Laws of Photochemistry -- 1.2.4 Ultraviolet Scattering -- 1.3 Germicidal Action of Ultraviolet Light -- 1.3.1 Nucleic Acid Damage -- 1.3.2 Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Protein Absorbance -- 1.3.3 Ultraviolet Action Spectrum -- 1.3.3.1 Means to Obtain an Action Spectrum -- 1.3.3.2 Action Spectrum by Organism -- 1.3.3.3 Can the Deoxyribonucleic Acid Absorbance Spectrum Represent the Action Spectrum? -- 1.4 Microbial Repair and Regrowth -- 1.4.1 Photo-Reactivation -- 1.4.2 Dark Repair -- 1.4.3 Regrowth -- 2.0 ULTRAVIOLET DOSE RESPONSES OF PATHOGENS AND SURROGATES -- 2.1 Collimated Beam Testing -- 2.1.1 Types of Collimated Beams -- 2.1.2 Ultraviolet Dose Measurements and Calculation -- 2.1.3 Factors Affecting Ultraviolet Dose Calculation -- 2.2 Data on Microbe Dose Response -- 2.2.1 Bacteria -- 2.2.2 Viruses -- 2.2.3 Protozoa -- 3.0 ULTRAVIOLET LAMP TECHNOLOGIES -- 3.1 Low-Pressure Ultraviolet Lamps. 3.2 Low-Pressure High-Output Ultraviolet Lamps -- 3.3 Medium-Pressure Ultraviolet Lamps -- 3.4 Alternative Lamp Technologies -- 3.4.1 Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes -- 3.4.2 Microwave Ultraviolet Radiation -- 3.4.3 Pulsed Ultraviolet Lamps -- 3.4.4 Excimer Lamps -- 4.0 REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 Bioassay Methods to Determine the Ultraviolet Dose (Fluence) Delivery of an Ultraviolet System G. Elliott Whitby, Ph.D., and Bill Sotirakos -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 BIOASSAY PROTOCOL FOR WASTEWATER -- 2.1 Planning and Preparation -- 2.1.1 Test Ultraviolet System Characteristics -- 2.1.2 Challenge Microorganisms Used in Validations -- 2.1.3 Water Source Key Characteristics -- 2.1.4 Absorbing Chemical -- 2.1.5 Mixing and Sampling -- 2.1.6 Lamp Variability and Ultraviolet Sensor Port Window Testing -- 2.1.7 Measurement Equipment -- 2.2 Inlet/Outlet Structures -- 2.3 Test Lamps -- 2.4 Test Conditions and Quality Assurance/Quality Control Samples -- 2.5 Third-Party Oversight -- 3.0 MICROBIOLOGICAL TESTING -- 3.1 Preparing the Challenge Microorganism -- 3.2 Verifying Ultraviolet Reactor Properties and Ultraviolet-Intensity Sensor Performance -- 3.3 Measuring Ultraviolet Dose (Fluence) Delivery -- 3.4 Collimated Beam Testing -- 3.5 Validation and Data Analysis -- 4.0 EXISTING DATA -- 5.0 REPORTING -- 6.0 BIOASSAY VALIDATION EXEMPLAR -- 6.1 Validation Study -- 6.2 Hydraulic Characterization -- 6.3 System Parameters -- 6.3.1 Power Measurements -- 6.3.2 Ultraviolet Sensor Readings -- 6.3.3 Headloss and Water Level -- 6.4 Bioassay Testing -- 6.4.1 Collimated Beam Analysis -- 6.4.2 Bioassay Test Procedure -- 6.4.3 Log Inactivation (Log I) Equation -- 6.4.4 Bioassay Results and Data Analysis -- 6.5 Summary -- 7.0 REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 Innovations and Advances in Ultraviolet Reactor Analysis and Validation Ernest (Chip) R. Blatchley III, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, F. ASCE. Karl Scheible -- and Chengyue Shen, Ph.D., P.E. -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 FACTORS AFFECTING ULTRAVIOLET DISINFECTION REACTOR PERFORMANCE -- 3.0 CONTEMPORARY METHODS FOR ULTRAVIOLET REACTOR VALIDATION -- 4.0 EMERGING STRATEGY FOR REACTOR VALIDATION: STOCHASTIC APPROACH -- 5.0 REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 Process Design and System Sizing Andrew Salveson, P.E. -- Keith Bourgeous, Ph.D., P.E. -- Nicola Fontaine -- Norayo Noibi -- and Bill Sotirakos -- 1.0 DISINFECTION PERMIT REQUIREMENTS -- 2.0 WASTEWATER QUALITY EFFECTS ON ULTRAVIOLET DISINFECTION -- 2.1 Effluent Water Quality -- 2.1.1 Dissolved Constituents and Their Effect on Ultraviolet Absorbance and Transmittance -- 2.1.1.1 Dissolved Organic Matter -- 2.1.1.2 Inorganic Compounds -- 2.1.2 Particles -- 2.2 Water Quality Characterization Tools -- 2.2.1 Turbidity -- 2.2.2 Total Suspended Solids -- 2.2.3 Ultraviolet Transmittance -- 2.2.3.1 Seasonal and Diurnal Ultraviolet Transmittance Variability -- 2.2.3.2 Secondary Process Effects on Ultraviolet Transmittance -- 2.2.3.3 Chemical Effects on Ultraviolet Transmittance -- 2.2.3.4 Industrial Effects on Ultraviolet Transmittance -- 2.2.3.5 Sidestream Flow Effects on Ultraviolet Transmittance -- 2.3 Upstream Processes to Improve Water Quality -- 2.4 Fouling of Lamp Sleeves, Lamp Racks, and Channels -- 3.0 REACTOR SELECTION CRITERIA -- 3.1 System Configurations -- 3.1.1 Closed Vessel -- 3.1.2 Open Channel -- 3.1.3 Lamp Orientation -- 3.1.4 Non-Submerged Ultraviolet Lamp Systems -- 3.1.5 Lamp Spacing -- 3.2 Establishing Design Criteria -- 3.2.1 Flow -- 3.2.2 Headloss and Water Level -- 3.2.3 Influent and Effluent Water Quality -- 3.3 Design Dose and Dose Control Strategies -- 3.3.1 System Monitoring -- 3.3.2 Dose Delivery Strategies -- 3.3.2.1 Dose Pacing Based on Flow, Ultraviolet Transmittance, and Power Setting. 3.3.2.2 Dose as a Function of Flow, Ultraviolet Transmittance, and Ultraviolet Intensity -- 4.0 ULTRAVIOLET SYSTEM SIZING EXAMPLE -- 5.0 REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 Equipment Selection, Facility Design, and Project Delivery Katherine (Kati) Y. Bell, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, and Joshua E. Goldman, Ph.D. -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS -- 2.1 Project Capital Costs -- 2.1.1 Ultraviolet Equipment Capital -- 2.1.2 Construction Costs -- 2.2 Operation and Maintenance Costs -- 2.2.1 Power Consumption and System Efficiency -- 2.2.2 Replacement Parts -- 2.2.2.1 Lamps and Sleeves -- 2.2.2.2 Ballasts and Drivers -- 2.2.3 Cleaning Components -- 2.2.4 Intensity Sensors and Ultraviolet Transmittance Analyzers -- 2.2.5 Operations and Maintenance Labor -- 2.3 Calculating Life Cycle Costs -- 2.4 Non-Cost Considerations -- 2.4.1 Headloss Effects -- 2.4.2 Constructability and Maintenance of Facility Operations during Construction -- 2.4.3 Operation and Maintenance Considerations -- 2.4.4 Warranties, Service, and Manufacturer Reliability -- 2.4.5 Reference Installations and Other Considerations -- 3.0 FACILITY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS -- 3.1 Site and System Hydraulics -- 3.1.1 Available Head -- 3.1.2 Open-Channel Versus Closed-Channel Systems -- 3.1.3 Flow Splitting, Flow Distribution, and Flow Control -- 3.1.4 Flow Measurement -- 3.1.5 Level Control -- 3.2 Power Requirements and Power Redundancy -- 3.3 Process Redundancy -- 3.4 Ultraviolet System Layout -- 3.4.1 Lifting Devices -- 3.4.2 Ultraviolet System Ballast Cabinets, Control Panels, and System Instrumentation -- 3.4.3 Sleeve Cleaning Methods and Ancillary Facilities -- 4.0 REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 Ultraviolet Project Delivery, Startup, and Commissioning Gary L. Hunter, P.E., BCEE -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 PROJECT DELIVERY METHODS -- 2.1 Design/Bid/Build -- 2.2 Construction Management at Risk. 2.3 Design/Build -- 2.4 Equipment Procurement Methods -- 3.0 KEY CONSIDERATIONS DURING CONSTRUCTION -- 4.0 KEY ACTIVITIES DURING STARTUP -- 4.1 Commissioning, Startup, and Testing Plan -- 4.2 Startup Checks -- 4.3 Functional Acceptance Testing -- 5.0 KEY ACTIVITIES DURING PERFORMANCE TESTING -- 5.1 Operational Acceptance Testing -- 5.2 Performance Testing -- 5.2.1 Testing Protocols -- 5.2.2 Testing Duration -- 5.2.3 Flow -- 5.2.4 Water Quality -- 5.2.5 Analysis of Data -- 5.3 Alternative Performance Testing Methods -- 5.3.1 Stress Testing -- 5.3.2 Velocity Profile Testing -- 6.0 PERFORMANCE STANDARDS AND SYSTEM ACCEPTANCE -- 6.1 Power Consumption -- 6.2 Headloss -- 6.3 Enforcing Manufacturer Guarantees -- 7.0 REFERENCE -- Chapter 8 Operational Considerations Jay Swift, P.E., and Chad Newton -- 1.0 ROUTINE OPERATION -- 2.0 SAFETY -- 2.1 Electrical Hazards -- 2.2 Ultraviolet Radiation Hazards -- 2.3 Lifting Hazards -- 2.4 Chemical Hazards -- 2.5 Other Hazards -- 3.0 PROCESS MONITORING -- 3.1 Ultraviolet-Intensity Sensors -- 3.2 Ultraviolet Transmittance Meters -- 3.3 Flow Monitoring -- 3.4 Level Monitoring -- 3.5 Temperature Monitoring -- 3.6 Warnings and Alarms -- 4.0 OPERATIONAL STRATEGIES -- 4.1 Energy Conservation -- 4.2 System Redundancy (Multiple Banks and Channels) -- 5.0 ELECTRICAL AND CONTROL SYSTEMS -- 5.1 Power Requirements and Power Redundancy -- 5.3 Control Cabinets/Programmable Logic Controllers -- 5.4 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System Integration -- 6.0 MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS -- 6.1 Lamp Replacement -- 6.2 Sleeve Replacement -- 6.3 Ballast Replacement -- 6.4 Sleeve Cleaning -- 6.5 Channel Cleaning -- 7.0 ANCILLARY SYSTEMS -- 7.1 Chemical Cleaning Tanks/Stations -- 7.2 Air Compressors/Blowers -- 7.3 Bank/Module Lifting -- 8.0 TROUBLESHOOTING -- 8.1 Electrical Issues -- 8.2 Low Ultraviolet Transmittance -- 8.3 Hydraulics. 8.4 Upstream Process Effects.
9781572783171
Sewage-Purification-Ultraviolet treatment.
Electronic books.
TD747.5 / .W38 2015
628.32000000000005