Lung Function.
Cotes, John E.
Lung Function. - 7th ed. - 1 online resource (810 pages)
Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- Part I Introduction -- Chapter 1 How We Came to Have Lungs and How Our Understanding of Lung Function has Developed -- 1.1 The Gaseous Environment -- 1.2 Functional Evolution of the Lung -- 1.3 Early Studies of Lung Function -- 1.4 The Past 350 Years -- 1.4.1 Lung Volumes -- 1.4.2 Lung Mechanics -- 1.4.3 Ventilatory Capacity -- 1.4.4 Blood Chemistry and Gas Exchange in the Lung -- 1.4.5 Control of Respiration -- 1.4.6 Energy Expenditure during Exercise -- 1.5 Practical Assessment of Lung Function -- 1.6 The Position Today -- 1.7 Future Prospects -- References -- Further Reading -- Part II Foundations -- Chapter 2 Getting Started -- 2.1 Brief Description of the Lungs and their Function -- 2.2 Deviations from Average Normal Lung Function -- 2.3 Uses of Lung Function Tests -- 2.4 Assessment of Lung Function -- 2.5 Setting up a Laboratory -- 2.6 Conduct of Assessments -- Reference -- Further Reading -- Chapter 3 Development and Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Functional Anatomy of the Upper Airways -- 3.3 The Lungs -- 3.3.1 Early Stages in Development -- 3.3.2 Functional Anatomy -- 3.3.3 Bronchopulmonary Anatomy -- 3.3.4 Intrapulmonary Airways -- 3.3.5 Acinus -- 3.3.6 Collateral Channels -- 3.3.7 Alveoli -- 3.3.8 Pulmonary Circulation -- 3.3.9 Bronchial Circulation -- 3.3.10 Pulmonary Lymphatics -- 3.3.11 Lymphoreticular Cells -- 3.3.12 Innervation and Pulmonary Receptors -- 3.4 The Pleura -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 4 Body Size and Anthropometric Measurements -- 4.1 Bodily Components are Matched for Size -- 4.2 Growth and Ageing -- 4.3 Stature (Body Length) -- 4.3.1 Overview -- 4.3.2 Measurement of Stature and Sitting Height -- 4.4 Body Width -- 4.5 Body Depth and Girth -- 4.6 Body Mass and Body Mass Index. 4.7 Body Composition -- 4.7.1 Fat% and Fat-Free Mass -- 4.7.2 Measurement of Fat% and Fat-Free Mass -- 4.8 Distributions of Fat and Muscle: A Forward Look -- 4.9 Conclusion -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 5 Numerical Interpretation of Physiological Variables -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Simple Arithmetic -- 5.2.1 Manipulating Numbers -- 5.2.2 Averaging Ratios -- 5.2.3 Decimal Age -- 5.2.4 Logarithms -- 5.3 Normal and Skewed Distributions -- 5.4 Measurement Error -- 5.5 Relationship of One Variable to Another -- 5.5.1 Proportional Relationships -- 5.5.2 Linear Relationships -- 5.5.3 Simple Curves Through the Origin -- 5.5.4 Exponential Curves -- 5.6 Interpreting a Possible Change in an Index -- 5.6.1 Sample Size Required to Detect a Meaningful Difference -- 5.6.2 Regression to the Mean -- 5.6.3 Choice of Model for Paired Observations -- 5.7 Relationship of One Variable to Several Others -- 5.7.1 Multiple Regression -- 5.7.2 Co-Linearity -- 5.7.3 Allowing for the Effects of Age -- 5.7.4 Variation about the Regression Equation -- 5.7.5 Other Types of Regression Analysis -- 5.7.6 Principal Component Analysis -- References -- Chapter 6 Basic Terminology and Gas Laws -- 6.1 Glossary of Terms -- 6.2 Units -- 6.3 Primary Symbols and Suffixes -- 6.4 Abbreviations -- 6.5 Terminology for Lung Imaging -- 6.6 The Gas Laws -- 6.6.1 Boyle's Law and Charles' Law (BTPS and STPD Adjustment) -- 6.6.2 Ideal Gas Law -- 6.6.3 Partial Pressure - Dalton's Law -- 6.6.4 Henry's Law - Solubility of Gases in Liquids -- 6.6.5 Laws of Diffusion - Graham's Law and Fick's First Law -- 6.6.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Basic Equipment and Measurement Techniques -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Computers -- 7.3 Measurement of Gas Volumes and Flows -- 7.3.1 Volume-Measuring Devices -- 7.3.2 Flow-Measuring Devices -- 7.4 Measurement of Respiratory Pressure. 7.5 Other Electronic Apparatus -- 7.6 Connecting the Subject to the Equipment -- 7.7 Analysis of Gases -- 7.8 Measurement of Oxygen Consumption and Respiratory Exchange Ratio -- 7.8.1 Oxygen Consumption -- 7.8.2 Respiratory Exchange Ratio -- 7.9 Collection and Storage of Blood -- 7.10 Analysis of Blood for Oxygen -- 7.10.1 Content of Oxygen and Saturation of Haemoglobin -- 7.10.2 Tension of Oxygen in Blood -- 7.11 Analysis of Blood for Carbon Dioxide -- 7.11.1 Direct Methods -- 7.11.2 Indirect Methods -- 7.12 Use of Isotopes (Including Radioisotopes) to Study Lung Function -- 7.13 Sterilisation and Disinfection of Equipment -- 7.14 Care of Gas Cylinders -- 7.15 Calibration of Equipment -- 7.15.1 Anthropometry Equipment -- 7.15.2 Linearity of Gas Analysers -- 7.16 Quality Control -- 7.17 Manufacturers -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 8 Respiratory Surveys: Epidemiological Methods -- 8.1 The Uses of Epidemiology -- 8.2 Study Designs and Sampling -- 8.2.1 Populations and Samples -- 8.2.2 Prevalence Studies -- 8.2.3 Cohort Studies -- 8.2.4 Case-Control Studies -- 8.2.5 Selection Bias -- 8.2.6 The Use and Abuse of Matching -- 8.2.7 Other Stratagems for the Efficient Design of Studies -- 8.3 Data Collection -- 8.3.1 The Characteristics of Good Data and the Nature of Error -- 8.3.2 Information Bias -- 8.3.3 Use of Questionnaires -- 8.3.4 Lung Function Measurements -- 8.3.5 Quality Assurance and Quality Control -- 8.4 Analysis and Related Issues -- 8.4.1 Analysis Needs to be Appropriate to the Design -- 8.4.2 Confounding -- 8.4.3 Effect Modification -- 8.4.4 Analysis of Lung Function -- 8.5 Ethics Considerations -- References -- Chapter 9 The Application of Analytical Technique Applied to Expired Air as a Means of Monitoring Airway and Lung Function -- 9.1 Exhaled Nitric Oxide -- 9.1.1 Source of Nitric Oxide in Exhaled Air. 9.1.2 Anatomic Origin of Nitric Oxide -- 9.1.3 Nitric Oxide Measurement -- 9.1.4 Single-Breath Nitric Oxide Measurement -- 9.1.5 Multiple-Breath Nitric Oxide Measurement -- 9.1.6 Limitations of the Multiple-Breath Nitric Oxide Measurement -- 9.1.7 Area Under the Curve Method -- 9.2 Conclusions -- 9.2.1 The Role of New Markers of Airway Inflammation -- 9.2.2 Exhaled Breath Temperature -- 9.2.3 Bronchial Blood Flow -- 9.2.4 Clinical Studies -- 9.3 Volatile Organic Compounds -- 9.3.1 Ethane and Pentane -- 9.3.2 Methods -- 9.3.3 Clinical Studies -- 9.3.4 Other Volatile Organic Compounds and their Measurement -- 9.3.5 Clinical Studies -- 9.3.6 Electronic Nose -- 9.4 Exhaled Carbon Monoxide -- 9.4.1 Measurement -- 9.4.2 Clinical Studies -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- Part III Physiology and Measurement of Lung Function -- Chapter 10 Chest Wall and Respiratory Muscles -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Chest Wall -- 10.3 The Diaphragm -- 10.4 The Intercostal Muscles -- 10.5 Interaction Between the Diaphragm and the Inspiratory Intercostals -- 10.6 The Neck Muscles -- 10.7 The Abdominal Muscles -- 10.8 Clinical Assessment of the Respiratory Muscles -- References -- Chapter 11 Lung Volumes -- 11.1 Definitions -- 11.1.1 Total Lung Capacity and its Subdivisions -- 11.1.2 Vital Capacity and Variants Thereof -- 11.1.3 Other Volumes -- 11.2 Features of Lung Volumes -- 11.2.1 Some Determinants -- 11.3 Measurement of Total Lung Capacity and its Subdivisions -- 11.3.1 Closed Circuit Gas Dilution Method -- 11.3.2 Alternative Closed Circuit Methods -- 11.3.3 Open Circuit Gas Dilution Method -- 11.3.4 Radiographic Method -- 11.3.5 Plethysmographic Methods -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 12 Lung and Chest Wall Elasticity -- 12.1 Introduction and Definitions -- 12.2 Lung Elasticity -- 12.2.1 Factors Contributing to Lung Recoil. 12.2.2 Implications of Lung Elasticity for the Distribution of Ventilation -- 12.2.3 Implications of Lung Elasticity for Airway and Alveolar Patency -- 12.2.4 Inspiratory and Expiratory Pressure-Volume Curves -- 12.2.5 Dynamic Lung Compliance -- 12.2.6 Measurement of Lung Elasticity -- 12.2.7 Physiological Variation in Lung Elasticity -- 12.3 Pathological Variation in Lung Elasticity -- 12.4 Compliance of the Chest Wall and Respiratory System -- 12.4.1 Clinical Measurements of Respiratory System Elasticity -- 12.4.2 Methods of Measurement in Ventilated Patients [56] -- 12.5 Distensibility of Conducting Airways -- 12.5.1 Practical Aspects -- 12.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 13 Forced Ventilatory Volumes and Flows -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Maximal Breathing -- 13.2.1 Definitions -- 13.2.2 Background -- 13.2.3 Measurement -- 13.3 Peak Expiratory Flow -- 13.3.1 Background -- 13.3.2 Measurement -- 13.4 Indices from Single Breath Volume-Time Curves -- 13.4.1 Indices Based on Volume -- 13.4.2 Indices Expressed as Times -- 13.5 Indices from the Relationship of Flow to Volume -- 13.5.1 Expiratory Flow-Volume Curve -- 13.5.2 Inspiratory Flow-Volume Curve -- 13.6 Measurement of Single Breath Indices of Ventilatory Capacity -- 13.6.1 General Considerations -- 13.6.2 Measurement of FEV1 and Other Indices from Volume-Time Curves -- 13.6.3 Practical Aspects of Flow-Volume Spirometry -- 13.7 Density Dependence -- 13.7.1 Volume of Iso-Flow -- 13.7.2 Measurement of V-isov -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 14 Theory and Measurement of Respiratory Resistance -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Theoretical Basis for Respiratory Resistance -- 14.3 Airway Resistance -- 14.3.1 Body Plethysmography -- 14.3.2 Alveolar Capsule -- 14.3.3 Flow Dependence of Airway Resistance -- 14.4 Respiratory Resistance and its Components. 14.4.1 Total Respiratory System Resistance.
9781118597330
Lungs.
Electronic books.
QM261 / .C68 2020
616.24075
Lung Function. - 7th ed. - 1 online resource (810 pages)
Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- Part I Introduction -- Chapter 1 How We Came to Have Lungs and How Our Understanding of Lung Function has Developed -- 1.1 The Gaseous Environment -- 1.2 Functional Evolution of the Lung -- 1.3 Early Studies of Lung Function -- 1.4 The Past 350 Years -- 1.4.1 Lung Volumes -- 1.4.2 Lung Mechanics -- 1.4.3 Ventilatory Capacity -- 1.4.4 Blood Chemistry and Gas Exchange in the Lung -- 1.4.5 Control of Respiration -- 1.4.6 Energy Expenditure during Exercise -- 1.5 Practical Assessment of Lung Function -- 1.6 The Position Today -- 1.7 Future Prospects -- References -- Further Reading -- Part II Foundations -- Chapter 2 Getting Started -- 2.1 Brief Description of the Lungs and their Function -- 2.2 Deviations from Average Normal Lung Function -- 2.3 Uses of Lung Function Tests -- 2.4 Assessment of Lung Function -- 2.5 Setting up a Laboratory -- 2.6 Conduct of Assessments -- Reference -- Further Reading -- Chapter 3 Development and Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Functional Anatomy of the Upper Airways -- 3.3 The Lungs -- 3.3.1 Early Stages in Development -- 3.3.2 Functional Anatomy -- 3.3.3 Bronchopulmonary Anatomy -- 3.3.4 Intrapulmonary Airways -- 3.3.5 Acinus -- 3.3.6 Collateral Channels -- 3.3.7 Alveoli -- 3.3.8 Pulmonary Circulation -- 3.3.9 Bronchial Circulation -- 3.3.10 Pulmonary Lymphatics -- 3.3.11 Lymphoreticular Cells -- 3.3.12 Innervation and Pulmonary Receptors -- 3.4 The Pleura -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 4 Body Size and Anthropometric Measurements -- 4.1 Bodily Components are Matched for Size -- 4.2 Growth and Ageing -- 4.3 Stature (Body Length) -- 4.3.1 Overview -- 4.3.2 Measurement of Stature and Sitting Height -- 4.4 Body Width -- 4.5 Body Depth and Girth -- 4.6 Body Mass and Body Mass Index. 4.7 Body Composition -- 4.7.1 Fat% and Fat-Free Mass -- 4.7.2 Measurement of Fat% and Fat-Free Mass -- 4.8 Distributions of Fat and Muscle: A Forward Look -- 4.9 Conclusion -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 5 Numerical Interpretation of Physiological Variables -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Simple Arithmetic -- 5.2.1 Manipulating Numbers -- 5.2.2 Averaging Ratios -- 5.2.3 Decimal Age -- 5.2.4 Logarithms -- 5.3 Normal and Skewed Distributions -- 5.4 Measurement Error -- 5.5 Relationship of One Variable to Another -- 5.5.1 Proportional Relationships -- 5.5.2 Linear Relationships -- 5.5.3 Simple Curves Through the Origin -- 5.5.4 Exponential Curves -- 5.6 Interpreting a Possible Change in an Index -- 5.6.1 Sample Size Required to Detect a Meaningful Difference -- 5.6.2 Regression to the Mean -- 5.6.3 Choice of Model for Paired Observations -- 5.7 Relationship of One Variable to Several Others -- 5.7.1 Multiple Regression -- 5.7.2 Co-Linearity -- 5.7.3 Allowing for the Effects of Age -- 5.7.4 Variation about the Regression Equation -- 5.7.5 Other Types of Regression Analysis -- 5.7.6 Principal Component Analysis -- References -- Chapter 6 Basic Terminology and Gas Laws -- 6.1 Glossary of Terms -- 6.2 Units -- 6.3 Primary Symbols and Suffixes -- 6.4 Abbreviations -- 6.5 Terminology for Lung Imaging -- 6.6 The Gas Laws -- 6.6.1 Boyle's Law and Charles' Law (BTPS and STPD Adjustment) -- 6.6.2 Ideal Gas Law -- 6.6.3 Partial Pressure - Dalton's Law -- 6.6.4 Henry's Law - Solubility of Gases in Liquids -- 6.6.5 Laws of Diffusion - Graham's Law and Fick's First Law -- 6.6.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Basic Equipment and Measurement Techniques -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Computers -- 7.3 Measurement of Gas Volumes and Flows -- 7.3.1 Volume-Measuring Devices -- 7.3.2 Flow-Measuring Devices -- 7.4 Measurement of Respiratory Pressure. 7.5 Other Electronic Apparatus -- 7.6 Connecting the Subject to the Equipment -- 7.7 Analysis of Gases -- 7.8 Measurement of Oxygen Consumption and Respiratory Exchange Ratio -- 7.8.1 Oxygen Consumption -- 7.8.2 Respiratory Exchange Ratio -- 7.9 Collection and Storage of Blood -- 7.10 Analysis of Blood for Oxygen -- 7.10.1 Content of Oxygen and Saturation of Haemoglobin -- 7.10.2 Tension of Oxygen in Blood -- 7.11 Analysis of Blood for Carbon Dioxide -- 7.11.1 Direct Methods -- 7.11.2 Indirect Methods -- 7.12 Use of Isotopes (Including Radioisotopes) to Study Lung Function -- 7.13 Sterilisation and Disinfection of Equipment -- 7.14 Care of Gas Cylinders -- 7.15 Calibration of Equipment -- 7.15.1 Anthropometry Equipment -- 7.15.2 Linearity of Gas Analysers -- 7.16 Quality Control -- 7.17 Manufacturers -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 8 Respiratory Surveys: Epidemiological Methods -- 8.1 The Uses of Epidemiology -- 8.2 Study Designs and Sampling -- 8.2.1 Populations and Samples -- 8.2.2 Prevalence Studies -- 8.2.3 Cohort Studies -- 8.2.4 Case-Control Studies -- 8.2.5 Selection Bias -- 8.2.6 The Use and Abuse of Matching -- 8.2.7 Other Stratagems for the Efficient Design of Studies -- 8.3 Data Collection -- 8.3.1 The Characteristics of Good Data and the Nature of Error -- 8.3.2 Information Bias -- 8.3.3 Use of Questionnaires -- 8.3.4 Lung Function Measurements -- 8.3.5 Quality Assurance and Quality Control -- 8.4 Analysis and Related Issues -- 8.4.1 Analysis Needs to be Appropriate to the Design -- 8.4.2 Confounding -- 8.4.3 Effect Modification -- 8.4.4 Analysis of Lung Function -- 8.5 Ethics Considerations -- References -- Chapter 9 The Application of Analytical Technique Applied to Expired Air as a Means of Monitoring Airway and Lung Function -- 9.1 Exhaled Nitric Oxide -- 9.1.1 Source of Nitric Oxide in Exhaled Air. 9.1.2 Anatomic Origin of Nitric Oxide -- 9.1.3 Nitric Oxide Measurement -- 9.1.4 Single-Breath Nitric Oxide Measurement -- 9.1.5 Multiple-Breath Nitric Oxide Measurement -- 9.1.6 Limitations of the Multiple-Breath Nitric Oxide Measurement -- 9.1.7 Area Under the Curve Method -- 9.2 Conclusions -- 9.2.1 The Role of New Markers of Airway Inflammation -- 9.2.2 Exhaled Breath Temperature -- 9.2.3 Bronchial Blood Flow -- 9.2.4 Clinical Studies -- 9.3 Volatile Organic Compounds -- 9.3.1 Ethane and Pentane -- 9.3.2 Methods -- 9.3.3 Clinical Studies -- 9.3.4 Other Volatile Organic Compounds and their Measurement -- 9.3.5 Clinical Studies -- 9.3.6 Electronic Nose -- 9.4 Exhaled Carbon Monoxide -- 9.4.1 Measurement -- 9.4.2 Clinical Studies -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- Part III Physiology and Measurement of Lung Function -- Chapter 10 Chest Wall and Respiratory Muscles -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Chest Wall -- 10.3 The Diaphragm -- 10.4 The Intercostal Muscles -- 10.5 Interaction Between the Diaphragm and the Inspiratory Intercostals -- 10.6 The Neck Muscles -- 10.7 The Abdominal Muscles -- 10.8 Clinical Assessment of the Respiratory Muscles -- References -- Chapter 11 Lung Volumes -- 11.1 Definitions -- 11.1.1 Total Lung Capacity and its Subdivisions -- 11.1.2 Vital Capacity and Variants Thereof -- 11.1.3 Other Volumes -- 11.2 Features of Lung Volumes -- 11.2.1 Some Determinants -- 11.3 Measurement of Total Lung Capacity and its Subdivisions -- 11.3.1 Closed Circuit Gas Dilution Method -- 11.3.2 Alternative Closed Circuit Methods -- 11.3.3 Open Circuit Gas Dilution Method -- 11.3.4 Radiographic Method -- 11.3.5 Plethysmographic Methods -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 12 Lung and Chest Wall Elasticity -- 12.1 Introduction and Definitions -- 12.2 Lung Elasticity -- 12.2.1 Factors Contributing to Lung Recoil. 12.2.2 Implications of Lung Elasticity for the Distribution of Ventilation -- 12.2.3 Implications of Lung Elasticity for Airway and Alveolar Patency -- 12.2.4 Inspiratory and Expiratory Pressure-Volume Curves -- 12.2.5 Dynamic Lung Compliance -- 12.2.6 Measurement of Lung Elasticity -- 12.2.7 Physiological Variation in Lung Elasticity -- 12.3 Pathological Variation in Lung Elasticity -- 12.4 Compliance of the Chest Wall and Respiratory System -- 12.4.1 Clinical Measurements of Respiratory System Elasticity -- 12.4.2 Methods of Measurement in Ventilated Patients [56] -- 12.5 Distensibility of Conducting Airways -- 12.5.1 Practical Aspects -- 12.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 13 Forced Ventilatory Volumes and Flows -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Maximal Breathing -- 13.2.1 Definitions -- 13.2.2 Background -- 13.2.3 Measurement -- 13.3 Peak Expiratory Flow -- 13.3.1 Background -- 13.3.2 Measurement -- 13.4 Indices from Single Breath Volume-Time Curves -- 13.4.1 Indices Based on Volume -- 13.4.2 Indices Expressed as Times -- 13.5 Indices from the Relationship of Flow to Volume -- 13.5.1 Expiratory Flow-Volume Curve -- 13.5.2 Inspiratory Flow-Volume Curve -- 13.6 Measurement of Single Breath Indices of Ventilatory Capacity -- 13.6.1 General Considerations -- 13.6.2 Measurement of FEV1 and Other Indices from Volume-Time Curves -- 13.6.3 Practical Aspects of Flow-Volume Spirometry -- 13.7 Density Dependence -- 13.7.1 Volume of Iso-Flow -- 13.7.2 Measurement of V-isov -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 14 Theory and Measurement of Respiratory Resistance -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Theoretical Basis for Respiratory Resistance -- 14.3 Airway Resistance -- 14.3.1 Body Plethysmography -- 14.3.2 Alveolar Capsule -- 14.3.3 Flow Dependence of Airway Resistance -- 14.4 Respiratory Resistance and its Components. 14.4.1 Total Respiratory System Resistance.
9781118597330
Lungs.
Electronic books.
QM261 / .C68 2020
616.24075