Normal Binocular Vision : Theory, Investigation and Practical Aspects.
Stidwill, David.
Normal Binocular Vision : Theory, Investigation and Practical Aspects. - 1st ed. - 1 online resource (376 pages)
Intro -- Table of Contents -- Title -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO NORMAL BINOCULAR VISION -- 1.1 The end product of binocular vision -- 1.2 The requirements for binocular vision -- 1.3 Monocular visual direction -- 1.4 Binocular visual direction and retinal correspondence -- 1.5 The Vieth-Müller circle -- 1.6 Horizontal retinal binocular disparity -- 1.7 Vertical retinal binocular disparity and cyclofusion -- 1.8 Cortical binocular disparity -- Chapter 2: THE DEVELOPMENT OF BINOCULAR VISION -- 2.1 Animal binocular vision -- 2.2 Variations in visual pathway types -- 2.3 Inborn and learned reflexes in vision -- 2.4 Visual maturation and monocular occlusion -- 2.5 Children's binocular vision development -- 2.6 Hazards to binocular vision development -- 2.7 Summary: the development of depth perception -- Chapter 3: BINOCULAR SUMMATION -- 3.1 Binocular summation models -- 3.2 Binocular brightness averaging, and bias towards the dominant eye -- 3.3 Fatigue-induced visual adaptations -- 3.4 Visual masking -- 3.5 Visual advantages of binocular summation -- 3.6 Binocular summation ratio -- Chapter 4: THE BINOCULAR FUSION SYSTEM -- 4.1 The requirements for the binocular fusion system -- 4.2 Motor binocular fusion -- 4.3 Sensory binocular fusion -- 4.4 Sensory binocular correspondence -- 4.5 The development of normal and anomalous retinal correspondence -- 4.6 Fusional reflexes -- 4.7 Fixation disparity -- 4.8 Prism adaptation: the (slow) vergence adaptation system -- 4.9 The vergence position integrator -- 4.10 Accommodative input to vergence adaptation -- 4.11 Motor and sensory fusion synergy -- 4.12 Panum's fusional area -- 4.13 Measurement of Panum's area -- Chapter 5: DIPLOPIA AND CONFUSION, SUPPRESSION AND RIVALRY -- 5.1 Physiological diplopia -- 5.2 Pathological binocular diplopia. 5.3 Binocular confusion -- 5.4 Physiological binocular suppression -- 5.5 Pathological binocular suppression -- 5.6 The characteristics of a suppression area -- 5.7 Binocular rivalry -- 5.8 Visual stimulus threshold in physiological and pathological binocular suppression and in binocular rivalry -- 5.9 The cortical control of binocular rivalry -- 5.10 Binocular lustre -- 5.11 Summary -- Chapter 6: THE NORMAL HOROPTER -- 6.1 The development of the concept of the horopter -- 6.2 The different forms of the horopter -- 6.3 The geometric horopter -- 6.4 Measurement of the apparent fronto-parallel plane horopter -- 6.5 Measurement of the identical visual directions -- 6.6 The haplopia (singleness) horopter -- 6.7 The horopter of zero vergence -- 6.8 Maximum stereopsis sensitivity horopter -- 6.9 The shape of the horizontal horopter in normal binocular vision -- 6.10 The Hering-Hillebrand horopter deviation -- 6.11 Adaptations of the horopter -- 6.12 The horopter and anisoeikonia -- 6.13 Measurement of anisoeikonia -- 6.14 The anisoeikonic ellipse -- 6.15 Overall and meridional magnification effects -- 6.16 Calculating curvature and tilt of the theoretical point horopter -- Chapter 7: THE EXTRINSIC, OR EXTRA-OCULAR, MUSCLES -- 7.1 Eye movements and the EOM -- 7.2 Origins and insertions -- 7.3 The innervation of the extra-ocular muscles -- 7.4 Pulley sleeves -- 7.5 Muscle structure and function -- 7.6 Blood supply -- 7.7 Extra-orbital activity -- Chapter 8: EYE MOVEMENTS -- 8.1 Monocular and binocular eye movements -- 8.2 Neurological control and psycho-optical reflexes -- 8.3 Gaze-shifting and gaze-stabilising eye movements -- 8.4 The five oculomotor subsystems -- 8.5 Saccadic eye movements -- 8.6 Smooth pursuit eye movements -- 8.7 Vergence eye movements -- 8.8 Aetiology of vergence errors -- 8.9 Associated eye and head movements: the postural reflexes. 8.10 Optokinetic nystagmus eye movements -- 8.11 Hering's law -- 8.12 Sherrington's law -- 8.13 Donders' law and Listing's law -- 8.14 Torsion (true, incidental and false) -- Chapter 9: VISUAL RESPONSE TO NEAR OBJECTS -- 9.1 Vergence movements for near fixation -- 9.2 Vergence and accommodation -- 9.3 Accommodation-induced convergence: the AC/A ratio -- 9.4 Convergence-induced accommodation: the CA/A ratio -- 9.5 Graphical analysis of normal AC/A ratio -- 9.6 Abnormal AC/A ratios -- 9.7 Sheard's criterion and Percival's criterion -- Chapter 10: THE BINOCULAR INTEGRATIVE ACTION OF THE VISUAL SYSTEM -- 10.1 Receptive fields of the retina -- 10.2 Function of the optic chiasm -- 10.3 Function of the LGN -- 10.4 Receptive fields of the LGN -- 10.5 Receptive fields in the primary visual cortex: visual area V1 -- 10.6 Area V1 - binocular integration: summation -- 10.7 Area V1 - binocular integration: inhibition -- 10.8 Area V1: absolute binocular disparity detection -- 10.9 Area V1 - methods of disparity detection -- 10.10 Area V1 - the four main types of binocular-disparity-processing cells -- 10.11 The visual pathways after visual area V1: ventral and dorsal visual processing streams in extrastriate areas -- 10.12 Area V2: relative binocular disparity detection -- 10.13 Area V3: velocity, colour, orientation and disparity -- 10.14 Area V4: simple shape recognition and attention -- 10.15 The inferior temporal cortex: complex shape recognition -- 10.16 Area V5/MT: functions and plasticity for adaptation and learning -- 10.17 Area MST: complex surface rotation and optic flow -- 10.18 Parietal and frontal cortex: binocular vision functions -- 10.19 Association and gnostic areas -- 10.20 The mechanism of integrating retinal hemi-fields -- Chapter 11: DEPTH PERCEPTION -- 11.1 Monocular depth perception -- 11.2 Binocular depth perception. Chapter 12: MEASUREMENT OF BINOCULAR MOTOR AND SENSORY STATUS -- 12.1 Motor status tests: the cover/uncover test and alternatives -- 12.2 The gaze stabilisation system -- 12.3 The motility test -- 12.4 Pursuit eye movement tests -- 12.5 Saccadic eye movement tests -- 12.6 The vestibulo-ocular reflex -- 12.7 Vergence tests -- 12.8 Fixation disparity tests -- 12.9 Fixation disparity curves and prism adaptation -- 12.10 The fusional reflex system -- 12.11 Sensory tests -- 12.12 Future developments -- Appendix 1: PRACTICAL EXPERIMENTS IN BINOCULAR VISION -- Part A: Selected test methods -- Part B: Assessment of eye movements -- Appendix 2: SUMMARY OF CORTICAL ORGANISATION IN RELATION TO VISION -- Appendix 3: FURTHER READING -- Appendix 4: NORMS FOR BINOCULAR VISUAL FUNCTIONS -- Appendix 5: TERMINOLOGY -- Appendix 6: GLOSSARY -- REFERENCES -- INDEX -- Colour plate section follows page 88 -- End User License Agreement.
9781119480334
Binocular vision.
Electronic books.
QP487.S75 2011
Normal Binocular Vision : Theory, Investigation and Practical Aspects. - 1st ed. - 1 online resource (376 pages)
Intro -- Table of Contents -- Title -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO NORMAL BINOCULAR VISION -- 1.1 The end product of binocular vision -- 1.2 The requirements for binocular vision -- 1.3 Monocular visual direction -- 1.4 Binocular visual direction and retinal correspondence -- 1.5 The Vieth-Müller circle -- 1.6 Horizontal retinal binocular disparity -- 1.7 Vertical retinal binocular disparity and cyclofusion -- 1.8 Cortical binocular disparity -- Chapter 2: THE DEVELOPMENT OF BINOCULAR VISION -- 2.1 Animal binocular vision -- 2.2 Variations in visual pathway types -- 2.3 Inborn and learned reflexes in vision -- 2.4 Visual maturation and monocular occlusion -- 2.5 Children's binocular vision development -- 2.6 Hazards to binocular vision development -- 2.7 Summary: the development of depth perception -- Chapter 3: BINOCULAR SUMMATION -- 3.1 Binocular summation models -- 3.2 Binocular brightness averaging, and bias towards the dominant eye -- 3.3 Fatigue-induced visual adaptations -- 3.4 Visual masking -- 3.5 Visual advantages of binocular summation -- 3.6 Binocular summation ratio -- Chapter 4: THE BINOCULAR FUSION SYSTEM -- 4.1 The requirements for the binocular fusion system -- 4.2 Motor binocular fusion -- 4.3 Sensory binocular fusion -- 4.4 Sensory binocular correspondence -- 4.5 The development of normal and anomalous retinal correspondence -- 4.6 Fusional reflexes -- 4.7 Fixation disparity -- 4.8 Prism adaptation: the (slow) vergence adaptation system -- 4.9 The vergence position integrator -- 4.10 Accommodative input to vergence adaptation -- 4.11 Motor and sensory fusion synergy -- 4.12 Panum's fusional area -- 4.13 Measurement of Panum's area -- Chapter 5: DIPLOPIA AND CONFUSION, SUPPRESSION AND RIVALRY -- 5.1 Physiological diplopia -- 5.2 Pathological binocular diplopia. 5.3 Binocular confusion -- 5.4 Physiological binocular suppression -- 5.5 Pathological binocular suppression -- 5.6 The characteristics of a suppression area -- 5.7 Binocular rivalry -- 5.8 Visual stimulus threshold in physiological and pathological binocular suppression and in binocular rivalry -- 5.9 The cortical control of binocular rivalry -- 5.10 Binocular lustre -- 5.11 Summary -- Chapter 6: THE NORMAL HOROPTER -- 6.1 The development of the concept of the horopter -- 6.2 The different forms of the horopter -- 6.3 The geometric horopter -- 6.4 Measurement of the apparent fronto-parallel plane horopter -- 6.5 Measurement of the identical visual directions -- 6.6 The haplopia (singleness) horopter -- 6.7 The horopter of zero vergence -- 6.8 Maximum stereopsis sensitivity horopter -- 6.9 The shape of the horizontal horopter in normal binocular vision -- 6.10 The Hering-Hillebrand horopter deviation -- 6.11 Adaptations of the horopter -- 6.12 The horopter and anisoeikonia -- 6.13 Measurement of anisoeikonia -- 6.14 The anisoeikonic ellipse -- 6.15 Overall and meridional magnification effects -- 6.16 Calculating curvature and tilt of the theoretical point horopter -- Chapter 7: THE EXTRINSIC, OR EXTRA-OCULAR, MUSCLES -- 7.1 Eye movements and the EOM -- 7.2 Origins and insertions -- 7.3 The innervation of the extra-ocular muscles -- 7.4 Pulley sleeves -- 7.5 Muscle structure and function -- 7.6 Blood supply -- 7.7 Extra-orbital activity -- Chapter 8: EYE MOVEMENTS -- 8.1 Monocular and binocular eye movements -- 8.2 Neurological control and psycho-optical reflexes -- 8.3 Gaze-shifting and gaze-stabilising eye movements -- 8.4 The five oculomotor subsystems -- 8.5 Saccadic eye movements -- 8.6 Smooth pursuit eye movements -- 8.7 Vergence eye movements -- 8.8 Aetiology of vergence errors -- 8.9 Associated eye and head movements: the postural reflexes. 8.10 Optokinetic nystagmus eye movements -- 8.11 Hering's law -- 8.12 Sherrington's law -- 8.13 Donders' law and Listing's law -- 8.14 Torsion (true, incidental and false) -- Chapter 9: VISUAL RESPONSE TO NEAR OBJECTS -- 9.1 Vergence movements for near fixation -- 9.2 Vergence and accommodation -- 9.3 Accommodation-induced convergence: the AC/A ratio -- 9.4 Convergence-induced accommodation: the CA/A ratio -- 9.5 Graphical analysis of normal AC/A ratio -- 9.6 Abnormal AC/A ratios -- 9.7 Sheard's criterion and Percival's criterion -- Chapter 10: THE BINOCULAR INTEGRATIVE ACTION OF THE VISUAL SYSTEM -- 10.1 Receptive fields of the retina -- 10.2 Function of the optic chiasm -- 10.3 Function of the LGN -- 10.4 Receptive fields of the LGN -- 10.5 Receptive fields in the primary visual cortex: visual area V1 -- 10.6 Area V1 - binocular integration: summation -- 10.7 Area V1 - binocular integration: inhibition -- 10.8 Area V1: absolute binocular disparity detection -- 10.9 Area V1 - methods of disparity detection -- 10.10 Area V1 - the four main types of binocular-disparity-processing cells -- 10.11 The visual pathways after visual area V1: ventral and dorsal visual processing streams in extrastriate areas -- 10.12 Area V2: relative binocular disparity detection -- 10.13 Area V3: velocity, colour, orientation and disparity -- 10.14 Area V4: simple shape recognition and attention -- 10.15 The inferior temporal cortex: complex shape recognition -- 10.16 Area V5/MT: functions and plasticity for adaptation and learning -- 10.17 Area MST: complex surface rotation and optic flow -- 10.18 Parietal and frontal cortex: binocular vision functions -- 10.19 Association and gnostic areas -- 10.20 The mechanism of integrating retinal hemi-fields -- Chapter 11: DEPTH PERCEPTION -- 11.1 Monocular depth perception -- 11.2 Binocular depth perception. Chapter 12: MEASUREMENT OF BINOCULAR MOTOR AND SENSORY STATUS -- 12.1 Motor status tests: the cover/uncover test and alternatives -- 12.2 The gaze stabilisation system -- 12.3 The motility test -- 12.4 Pursuit eye movement tests -- 12.5 Saccadic eye movement tests -- 12.6 The vestibulo-ocular reflex -- 12.7 Vergence tests -- 12.8 Fixation disparity tests -- 12.9 Fixation disparity curves and prism adaptation -- 12.10 The fusional reflex system -- 12.11 Sensory tests -- 12.12 Future developments -- Appendix 1: PRACTICAL EXPERIMENTS IN BINOCULAR VISION -- Part A: Selected test methods -- Part B: Assessment of eye movements -- Appendix 2: SUMMARY OF CORTICAL ORGANISATION IN RELATION TO VISION -- Appendix 3: FURTHER READING -- Appendix 4: NORMS FOR BINOCULAR VISUAL FUNCTIONS -- Appendix 5: TERMINOLOGY -- Appendix 6: GLOSSARY -- REFERENCES -- INDEX -- Colour plate section follows page 88 -- End User License Agreement.
9781119480334
Binocular vision.
Electronic books.
QP487.S75 2011