Biotechnology : Science, Engineering, and Ethical Challenges for the 21st Century.
Rudolph, Frederick B.
Biotechnology : Science, Engineering, and Ethical Challenges for the 21st Century. - 1st ed. - 1 online resource (296 pages)
Biotechnology -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Part 1 Basic Research: The Foundation Of Biotechnology -- 1 Overview of Terminology and Advances in Biotechnology -- DNA IDENTIFIED AS GENETIC MATERIAL -- COMPOSITION OF DNA -- DNA SEQUENCE ENCODES PROTEINS -- MUTATIONS -- FRAGMENTATION OF DNA -- SEPARATION OF DNA AND ANALYSIS -- RECOMBINANT DNA -- SEARCHING FOR SPECIFIC GENES -- References -- 2 Advances in Cell and Molecular Biology -- THE GENETIC REVOLUTION -- CANCER (A GENETIC DISEASE) -- ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- 3 Structural Biology as It Applies to Biotechnology -- DESIGN OF ANTI-HIV DRUGS -- Design of Enzyme Inhibitors -- Comparison of Inhibitors -- Learning from Design -- DESIGN OF CYTOKINE AGONISTS AND ANTAGONISTS -- REFERENCES -- 4 The Future of Biotechnology -- HIGHLIGHTS OF RECENT DISCOVERIES -- THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT -- TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT DISEASES -- DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES -- POSSIBILITIES FOR DISEASE PREVENTION -- PRIVACY ISSUES -- DRUG PRODUCTION -- GENE THERAPY -- GENETIC PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION -- References -- Part 2 Biotechnology Applications Today and Tomorrow -- 5 Effect of the New Biologies on Health Care -- RECOMBINANT THERAPEUTIC PROTEINS -- PROTEIN AGONISTS AND ANTAGONISTS -- ANTICODON NUCLEOTIDES -- GENE THERAPY -- PRESCRIPTION FOR THE FUTURE -- References -- 6 Gene Therapy: Beyond Genetic Diseases -- EX VIVO STRATEGY -- IN VIVO STRATEGY -- USE OF RECOMBINANT VIRUSES: THE RETROVIRUS -- ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF RETROVIRAL VECTORS -- ADENOVIRAL VECTORS -- ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF ADENOVIRAL VECTORS -- GENE THERAPY FOR SOLID TUMORS -- USING THE ADENOVIRAL VECTOR TO DESTROY TUMOR CELLS -- CRITERIA FOR GENE THERAPY FOR BRAIN TUMORS -- FUTURE OF GENE THERAPY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT. 7 Tissue Engineering: The Union of Biology and Engineering -- APPLICATIONS OF TISSUE ENGINEERING -- ARTIFICIAL SKIN PRODUCTS -- BIOARTIFICIAL ORGANS -- VASCULAR SYSTEM -- RECONSTITUTING BLOOD VESSELS -- NEW BIOMATERIALS -- CURRENT STATE OF TISSUE ENGINEERING -- References -- 8 Development of Biopharmaceuticals: An Engineering Perspective -- THERAPEUTIC PROTEINS -- Post-Translational Processing -- Use of Mammalian Cells -- Problems with Scale-Up -- SMALL MOLECULES -- EPIGENESIS -- The p53 Gene -- Effect of Environment -- BIOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS -- DRUGS FROM PLANT PRODUCTS -- Taxol: A Case Study -- Plant Cell Tissue Culture -- Epigenetic Behavior of Plant Cell Culture -- IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION -- References -- 9 Bioremediation: A Promising Technology -- AN EMERGING BUT NOT A NEW TECHNOLOGY -- THE UNDERGROUND ENVIRONMENT -- EX SITU AND IN SITU BIOREMEDIATION -- WHY BIOREMEDIATION? -- LIMITATIONS -- PROCESS FUNDAMENTALS -- SUCCESSFUL BIOREMEDIATION -- LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE NEEDS -- References -- Part 3 From Laboratory To Marketplace: The Challenges Of Technology Transfer -- 10 Interactions Between Universities and Industry -- DISTRIBUTION OF UNIVERSITY REVENUE -- A HISTORY OF UNIVERSITY RESEARCH -- NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL -- EFFECT OF WORLD WAR II -- THE SPUTNIK CRISIS -- CHANGE IN ECONOMIC THEORY -- UNIVERSITIES ENTER THE TECHNOLOGY BUSINESS -- RECENT "MEGA-AGREEMENTS -- CONTRAST OF RESEARCH CULTURES -- FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- SUMMARY -- References -- 11 National Science Foundation's Perspective on University- Industry Interaction -- PARTNERSHIPS -- NSF-SPONSORED CENTERS -- SOME CHALLENGES -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- References -- 12 Conflict of Interest in Basic Biomedical Research -- CORE PRINCIPLES OF RESEARCH -- SUPPORT FOR RESEARCH -- COMPETING AND CONFLICTING INTERESTS -- HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE -- CONTRIBUTIONS OF HHMI INVESTIGATORS. HHMI POLICIES ON CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- HHMI'S PHILOSOPHY -- 13 Patents: Help or Hindrance to Technology Transfer? -- SECRECY AS A WAY TO PROTECT INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY -- PATENT PROTECTION -- COSTS OF THE PATENT SYSTEM -- THE PATENT SYSTEM IN BIOTECHNOLOGY -- PATENTING AS A WAY TO PROMOTE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER -- NEW PATENT POLICY OF THE 1980S -- QUESTIONING FEDERAL PATENT POLICY -- NIH APPLICATIONS FOR CDNA PATENTS -- INDUSTRY OPPOSITION TO NIH PATENTING CDNA -- PATENTS ON RESEARCH TOOLS -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Part 4 Eithics, Behavior, And Values In Science And Society -- 14 Ensuring the Ethical Conduct of Research: Who Is Responsible? -- PROFESSIONAL VALUES -- ETHICAL PROBLEMS IN RESEARCH -- THE NEED FOR EDUCATION ABOUT RESEARCH ETHICS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- References -- 15 Misconduct: Regulating and Investigating Scientific Research -- THE POPOVIC CASE -- DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT -- BURDEN OF PROOF -- PROBLEMS WITH MISCONDUCT INVESTIGATIONS -- OWNERSHIP OF DATA -- GUIDELINES FOR ACADEMIA ON DATA AND AUTHORSHIP -- INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARDS AND RESEARCH ON HUMANS -- References -- 16 Ethical Decision Making in a Pluralistic Society -- THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT: IS IT BENEFICIAL? -- SOCIETAL PROBLEMS RELATING TO THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT -- CLONING -- EXPERIMENTING WITH HUMANS -- NEED FOR PUBLIC EDUCATION -- 17 Ethical Issues Surrounding the New Technology as Applied to Health Care -- ETHICAL, LEGAL AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS PROGRAM -- QUESTIONS ILLUSTRATING THE UNANSWERABLE NATURE OF THE ISSUES -- ADDRESSING ISSUES IN THE SHORT TERM -- References -- 18 Biotechnology Applications and Women's Health Issues -- LENS 1: SCIENCE IS OBJECTIVE -- LENS 2: THE APPLICATION OF BIOMEDICAL DEVELOPMENT LEADS TO CONTINUOUS PROGRESS -- LENS 3: THE DOCTOR KNOWS BEST -- LENS 4: ADULT WHITE MALES ARE THE NORM. LENS 5: WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE AND PREGNANT WOMEN ARE VULNERABLE AND NEED PROTECTION -- LENS 6: ONLY AGENTS OR DRUGS GIVEN TO THE MOTHER, NOT THE FATHER, CAN AFFECT THE EMBRYO OR FETUS -- LENS 7: DRUG COMPANIES CAN AVOID LIABILITY BY EXCLUDING WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE (AND PREGNANT WOMEN) FROM DRUG TRIALS -- LENS 8: CONGRESS HAS OBJECTIVE CRITERIA AND MECHANISMS TO DETERMINE HOW AND WHERE MONEY SHOULD BE SPENT -- LENS 9: CONGRESS HAS GOOD ADVICE AND MECHANISMS TO DESIGN RESEARCH STUDIES TO MEET THESE GOALS. -- SUMMARY -- References -- Part 5 The Role Of Government In The Development Of Biotechnology -- 19 Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Policies Affecting Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Development -- WORLDWIDE BIOPHARMACEUTICAL DEVELOPMENT -- U.S. LAG IN DRUG INTRODUCTION -- BIOTECHNOLOGY PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT -- DRUG PRICING AND REIMBURSEMENT -- Europe -- Japan -- PATENT PROTECTION -- THE FUTURE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY -- References -- 20 Expanding the Horizons of Biotechnology in the Twenty-first Century -- RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN FY 1995 -- President's Budget Request -- Human Genome Project -- CROSS-DISCIPLINARY LINKAGES -- CHALLENGES BY AND FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY -- THE NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL AND THE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH SUBCOMMITTEE -- FEDERAL INVESTMENT IN BIOTECHNOLOGY -- REGULATORY POLICY -- CONCLUSION -- References -- 21 The Making of Environmental Policy Decisions -- FEDERAL POLICY DECISIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY REGULATION -- FEDERAL AGENCIES THAT REGULATE BIOTECHNOLOGY -- Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act -- Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act -- Toxic Substances Control Act -- CONSIDERATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF REGULATORY POLICIES -- A CASE STUDY: RISK DETERMINATION OF TRANSGENIC PLANT PESTICIDES -- DEVELOPING EPA REGULATIONS -- REGULATIONS FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS. ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN POLLUTION PREVENTION -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Biographies of the Contributors -- Index.
9780309052825
Biotechnology.
Biotechnology--Social aspects.
Electronic books.
TP248.2 / .B574 1996
660.6
Biotechnology : Science, Engineering, and Ethical Challenges for the 21st Century. - 1st ed. - 1 online resource (296 pages)
Biotechnology -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Part 1 Basic Research: The Foundation Of Biotechnology -- 1 Overview of Terminology and Advances in Biotechnology -- DNA IDENTIFIED AS GENETIC MATERIAL -- COMPOSITION OF DNA -- DNA SEQUENCE ENCODES PROTEINS -- MUTATIONS -- FRAGMENTATION OF DNA -- SEPARATION OF DNA AND ANALYSIS -- RECOMBINANT DNA -- SEARCHING FOR SPECIFIC GENES -- References -- 2 Advances in Cell and Molecular Biology -- THE GENETIC REVOLUTION -- CANCER (A GENETIC DISEASE) -- ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- 3 Structural Biology as It Applies to Biotechnology -- DESIGN OF ANTI-HIV DRUGS -- Design of Enzyme Inhibitors -- Comparison of Inhibitors -- Learning from Design -- DESIGN OF CYTOKINE AGONISTS AND ANTAGONISTS -- REFERENCES -- 4 The Future of Biotechnology -- HIGHLIGHTS OF RECENT DISCOVERIES -- THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT -- TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT DISEASES -- DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES -- POSSIBILITIES FOR DISEASE PREVENTION -- PRIVACY ISSUES -- DRUG PRODUCTION -- GENE THERAPY -- GENETIC PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION -- References -- Part 2 Biotechnology Applications Today and Tomorrow -- 5 Effect of the New Biologies on Health Care -- RECOMBINANT THERAPEUTIC PROTEINS -- PROTEIN AGONISTS AND ANTAGONISTS -- ANTICODON NUCLEOTIDES -- GENE THERAPY -- PRESCRIPTION FOR THE FUTURE -- References -- 6 Gene Therapy: Beyond Genetic Diseases -- EX VIVO STRATEGY -- IN VIVO STRATEGY -- USE OF RECOMBINANT VIRUSES: THE RETROVIRUS -- ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF RETROVIRAL VECTORS -- ADENOVIRAL VECTORS -- ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF ADENOVIRAL VECTORS -- GENE THERAPY FOR SOLID TUMORS -- USING THE ADENOVIRAL VECTOR TO DESTROY TUMOR CELLS -- CRITERIA FOR GENE THERAPY FOR BRAIN TUMORS -- FUTURE OF GENE THERAPY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT. 7 Tissue Engineering: The Union of Biology and Engineering -- APPLICATIONS OF TISSUE ENGINEERING -- ARTIFICIAL SKIN PRODUCTS -- BIOARTIFICIAL ORGANS -- VASCULAR SYSTEM -- RECONSTITUTING BLOOD VESSELS -- NEW BIOMATERIALS -- CURRENT STATE OF TISSUE ENGINEERING -- References -- 8 Development of Biopharmaceuticals: An Engineering Perspective -- THERAPEUTIC PROTEINS -- Post-Translational Processing -- Use of Mammalian Cells -- Problems with Scale-Up -- SMALL MOLECULES -- EPIGENESIS -- The p53 Gene -- Effect of Environment -- BIOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS -- DRUGS FROM PLANT PRODUCTS -- Taxol: A Case Study -- Plant Cell Tissue Culture -- Epigenetic Behavior of Plant Cell Culture -- IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION -- References -- 9 Bioremediation: A Promising Technology -- AN EMERGING BUT NOT A NEW TECHNOLOGY -- THE UNDERGROUND ENVIRONMENT -- EX SITU AND IN SITU BIOREMEDIATION -- WHY BIOREMEDIATION? -- LIMITATIONS -- PROCESS FUNDAMENTALS -- SUCCESSFUL BIOREMEDIATION -- LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE NEEDS -- References -- Part 3 From Laboratory To Marketplace: The Challenges Of Technology Transfer -- 10 Interactions Between Universities and Industry -- DISTRIBUTION OF UNIVERSITY REVENUE -- A HISTORY OF UNIVERSITY RESEARCH -- NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL -- EFFECT OF WORLD WAR II -- THE SPUTNIK CRISIS -- CHANGE IN ECONOMIC THEORY -- UNIVERSITIES ENTER THE TECHNOLOGY BUSINESS -- RECENT "MEGA-AGREEMENTS -- CONTRAST OF RESEARCH CULTURES -- FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- SUMMARY -- References -- 11 National Science Foundation's Perspective on University- Industry Interaction -- PARTNERSHIPS -- NSF-SPONSORED CENTERS -- SOME CHALLENGES -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- References -- 12 Conflict of Interest in Basic Biomedical Research -- CORE PRINCIPLES OF RESEARCH -- SUPPORT FOR RESEARCH -- COMPETING AND CONFLICTING INTERESTS -- HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE -- CONTRIBUTIONS OF HHMI INVESTIGATORS. HHMI POLICIES ON CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- HHMI'S PHILOSOPHY -- 13 Patents: Help or Hindrance to Technology Transfer? -- SECRECY AS A WAY TO PROTECT INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY -- PATENT PROTECTION -- COSTS OF THE PATENT SYSTEM -- THE PATENT SYSTEM IN BIOTECHNOLOGY -- PATENTING AS A WAY TO PROMOTE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER -- NEW PATENT POLICY OF THE 1980S -- QUESTIONING FEDERAL PATENT POLICY -- NIH APPLICATIONS FOR CDNA PATENTS -- INDUSTRY OPPOSITION TO NIH PATENTING CDNA -- PATENTS ON RESEARCH TOOLS -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Part 4 Eithics, Behavior, And Values In Science And Society -- 14 Ensuring the Ethical Conduct of Research: Who Is Responsible? -- PROFESSIONAL VALUES -- ETHICAL PROBLEMS IN RESEARCH -- THE NEED FOR EDUCATION ABOUT RESEARCH ETHICS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- References -- 15 Misconduct: Regulating and Investigating Scientific Research -- THE POPOVIC CASE -- DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT -- BURDEN OF PROOF -- PROBLEMS WITH MISCONDUCT INVESTIGATIONS -- OWNERSHIP OF DATA -- GUIDELINES FOR ACADEMIA ON DATA AND AUTHORSHIP -- INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARDS AND RESEARCH ON HUMANS -- References -- 16 Ethical Decision Making in a Pluralistic Society -- THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT: IS IT BENEFICIAL? -- SOCIETAL PROBLEMS RELATING TO THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT -- CLONING -- EXPERIMENTING WITH HUMANS -- NEED FOR PUBLIC EDUCATION -- 17 Ethical Issues Surrounding the New Technology as Applied to Health Care -- ETHICAL, LEGAL AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS PROGRAM -- QUESTIONS ILLUSTRATING THE UNANSWERABLE NATURE OF THE ISSUES -- ADDRESSING ISSUES IN THE SHORT TERM -- References -- 18 Biotechnology Applications and Women's Health Issues -- LENS 1: SCIENCE IS OBJECTIVE -- LENS 2: THE APPLICATION OF BIOMEDICAL DEVELOPMENT LEADS TO CONTINUOUS PROGRESS -- LENS 3: THE DOCTOR KNOWS BEST -- LENS 4: ADULT WHITE MALES ARE THE NORM. LENS 5: WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE AND PREGNANT WOMEN ARE VULNERABLE AND NEED PROTECTION -- LENS 6: ONLY AGENTS OR DRUGS GIVEN TO THE MOTHER, NOT THE FATHER, CAN AFFECT THE EMBRYO OR FETUS -- LENS 7: DRUG COMPANIES CAN AVOID LIABILITY BY EXCLUDING WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE (AND PREGNANT WOMEN) FROM DRUG TRIALS -- LENS 8: CONGRESS HAS OBJECTIVE CRITERIA AND MECHANISMS TO DETERMINE HOW AND WHERE MONEY SHOULD BE SPENT -- LENS 9: CONGRESS HAS GOOD ADVICE AND MECHANISMS TO DESIGN RESEARCH STUDIES TO MEET THESE GOALS. -- SUMMARY -- References -- Part 5 The Role Of Government In The Development Of Biotechnology -- 19 Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Policies Affecting Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Development -- WORLDWIDE BIOPHARMACEUTICAL DEVELOPMENT -- U.S. LAG IN DRUG INTRODUCTION -- BIOTECHNOLOGY PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT -- DRUG PRICING AND REIMBURSEMENT -- Europe -- Japan -- PATENT PROTECTION -- THE FUTURE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY -- References -- 20 Expanding the Horizons of Biotechnology in the Twenty-first Century -- RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN FY 1995 -- President's Budget Request -- Human Genome Project -- CROSS-DISCIPLINARY LINKAGES -- CHALLENGES BY AND FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY -- THE NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL AND THE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH SUBCOMMITTEE -- FEDERAL INVESTMENT IN BIOTECHNOLOGY -- REGULATORY POLICY -- CONCLUSION -- References -- 21 The Making of Environmental Policy Decisions -- FEDERAL POLICY DECISIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY REGULATION -- FEDERAL AGENCIES THAT REGULATE BIOTECHNOLOGY -- Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act -- Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act -- Toxic Substances Control Act -- CONSIDERATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF REGULATORY POLICIES -- A CASE STUDY: RISK DETERMINATION OF TRANSGENIC PLANT PESTICIDES -- DEVELOPING EPA REGULATIONS -- REGULATIONS FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS. ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN POLLUTION PREVENTION -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Biographies of the Contributors -- Index.
9780309052825
Biotechnology.
Biotechnology--Social aspects.
Electronic books.
TP248.2 / .B574 1996
660.6