Space Exploration Research.

Intro -- SPACE EXPLORATION RESEARCH -- SPACE EXPLORATION RESEARCH -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 SPACE: THE PROVINCE OF MANKIND A BRIEF PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH TO SPACE EXPLORATION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION: MAN, THE WALKER -- 1. A NEW EARTH -- 2. NOAH'S ARK -- 3. RIDERS OF THE CLOUDS -- 4. I DID IT! -- 5. ASTRONAUTS NOW, BUT WHAT NEXT? -- 6. LIVING IN SPACE - TOMORROW? -- 7. THINKING ABOUT THE END -- CONCLUSION: WISDOM -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 A LEGAL REGIME FOR SPACE TOURISM: THE FUTURE FOR COMMERCIALIZATION OF SPACE STATIONS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SPACE TRAVEL AND AIR TRANSPORTATION: DIFFERENT APPLICABLE LAW -- 2.1. Commercial Liability Regime -- 2.2. Space Insurance -- 2.3. Criminal Jurisdiction Regime -- 3. REGISTRATION AND LICENSING REGIME -- 4. THE STATUS OF SPACE TOURISTS (SPACE HOTEL RULES) -- 5. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 HYPOMETABOLISM AS A RESOURCE FOR MANNED LONG-TERM SPACE FLIGHTS: A CHALLENGING PERSPECTIVE -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- NATURAL HYPOMETABOLISM: STRATEGIES OF HIBERNATION IN MAMMALS -- Natural Hypometabolism Occurs under Different Forms -- Natural Hypometabolism Requires Multiple Physiological and Metabolic Adaptations -- The Mystery of Periodic Arousals -- Hibernating to Arouse -- FACTORS INDUCING HYPOMETABOLISM -- HYPOMETABOLISM: THE HUMAN IMPACT -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 C. ELEGANS: A MODEL SYSTEM FOR STUDYING BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- C. ELEGANS - A MODEL SYSTEM -- CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION -- Changes in Gene Expression in Both Worms and Flies -- Changes in Muscle Gene Expression -- Apoptosis -- SPACE-BASED C. ELEGANS MUTAGENESIS TESTING SYSTEMS -- ARRAY COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION (ACGH) AS AN AID TO HIGH RESOLUTION GENOMIC ANALYSIS OF MUTATED GENOMES.

High Resolution Analysis - Genomic Analysis of Space Worms -- Confirmation of Characterised Mutations -- Non-Biased Analysis of Genomic Regions -- The Future of aCGH in Space Analysis -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 STRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT OF THE MARTIAN SURFACE MATERIAL -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Physical Conditions on the Martian Surface -- 2. MARS SIMULATION, MODELING AND IN-SITU MEASUREMENT -- 2.1. Laboratory Simulation -- 2.2. Mars Simulation Wind Tunnel -- 2.3. Mars Environmental Chamber -- 2.4. Mars Analogue Environments on Earth -- 3. THEORETICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF GRAIN TRANSPORT ON MARS -- 3.1. Modeling on the Micro Scale -- 3.2. Modeling on the Macro Scale -- 3.3. Modeling on the Global Scale -- 3.4. Analysis of the Dust Magnetic Properties Experiments on the MER Rovers -- 4. IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS AND NEW INSTRUMENTATION -- 4.1. Anemometry on Mars -- 4.2. Laser Anemometer -- 4.3. An Integrated: Laser Anemometer and Martian Dust Accumulator -- Wind Speed -- Wind Direction -- Wind Turbulence -- Dust Concentration in the Atmosphere -- Dust Settling/Accumulation Rate -- Dust Electrification -- Dust Grain Size (Optical Area) -- 4.4. Dust Accumulator/Dust Electrification -- 5. TRANSPORT OF MARTIAN SURFACE MATERIAL -- 5.1. Grain Transport: The Application of Detachment Theory -- Gravitational Force -- Adhesive Force -- Lift Force -- Rolling Force (Torque) -- 5.2. Sand Transport -- 5.3. Martian Dust Transport -- 5.4. Sand Electrification -- 5.5. Dust Aggregation and Transport -- 6. STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE MARTIAN SURFACE MATERIAL -- NASA Mars Exploration Rovers -- ESA Mars Express -- 7. WATER AND HEAT TRANSPORT THROUGH THE UPPER SURFACE -- 8. DUST ADHESION AND HAZARDS TO ROBOTIC/MANNED MISSIONS TO MARS -- 9. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter6SUPERNOVAEASPROBESFORDARKENERGY.

Abstract -- 1.Introduction -- 2.FromType-IaSupernovaetotheEvolutionoftheUniverse -- 2.1.StandardizedCandles -- 2.2.SystematicUncertainties -- 2.3.TheRedshift-LuminosityDistanceRelation -- 2.4.TheStandardCosmologicalModel -- 3.ObservationsofDarkEnergybySupernovae -- 3.1.AcceleratedExpansionoftheUniverse:FirstEvidence -- 3.2.EnergyBudgetoftheCosmos:Today'sPicture -- 4.ComplementaryConstraintsbyOtherCosmologicalProbes -- 4.1.CMBAnisotropyMeasurements -- 4.2.BaryonAcousticOscillations -- 4.3.Large-ScaleStructure -- 4.4.OtherAstrophysicalSources -- 5.TheoreticalInterpretationsofDarkEnergy -- 6.FutureofSupernovaCosmology -- 6.1.TheSNAPSatellite -- 6.2.OtherFutureMissions -- 6.3.TypeIISupernovae -- 7.Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 FINGERPRINTS OF A LOCAL SUPERNOVA -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- SUPERNOVA FINGERPRINTS -- I. Sunspots, Solar Cycles, Solar Inertial Motion, Climate Changes -- II. Bipolar Outflows and Axially Directed Jets -- III. Rigid, Iron-Rich Structures Below the Solar Photosphere -- IV. SOLAR LUMINOSITY, SOLAR NEUTRINOS, AND SOLAR HYDROGEN -- V. THE IRON-RICH PLASMA DIFFUSER WITH A HYDROGEN-RICH VENEER -- VI. MIRROR IMAGE ISOTOPE ANOMALIES: EXCESSES AND DEFICITS: -- VII. LINKED CHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC HETEROGENEITIES IN PLANETS -- VIII. LINKED CHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC HETEROGENEITIES IN METEORITES -- IX. UBIQUITOUS ISOTOPE ANOMALIES FROM NUCLEOSYNTHESIS -- X. SHORT-LIVED NUCLIDES AT THE BIRTH OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter8THESTUDYFORBLACKHOLEINM-THEORY -- Abstract -- 1.Introduction -- 2.BasicEquationandKillingSpinorFormalism -- 3.NullKillingSpacetime -- 3.1.TheCompactificationofaBlackBrane -- 3.2.BlackHoleSolutionswithM2?M5Branes -- 3.3.SupersymmetryinEleven-dimensionalBlackBranes -- 4.Time-likeKillingSpacetime -- 4.1.BlackRingSolutionswithM2?M2?M2Branes -- 5.Conclusion.

References -- Chapter9ONTHE5DEXTRA-FORCEACCORDINGTOBASINI-CAPOZZIELLO-PONCEDELEONFORMALISMANDFOURIMPORTANTFEATURES:STRONGGRAVITATIONALFIELDS,KAR-SINHAGRAVITATIONALBENDINGOFLIGHTINEXTRADIMENSIONS,GRAVITATIONALREDSHIFTAFFECTEDBYEXTRADIMENSIONSANDTHEEXPERIMENTALRESEARCHOFEXTRADIMENSIONSON-BOARDINTERNATIONALSPACESTATION(ISS)USINGLASERBEAMS -- Abstract -- 1.Introduction -- 2.TheBasini-CapozzielloPonceDeLeonFormalismandResemblanceswithMashoon-Wesson-LiuandOverduin-WessonFormalisms -- 3.DimensionalReductionfrom5Dto4DAccordingtoBasini-CapozzielloPonceDeLeon,Mashoon-Wesson-LiuandOverduin-Wesson.PossibleExperimentalDetectionofEx-traDimensionsinStrongGravitationalFieldsorOn-BoardtheInternationalSpaceStation(ISS)UsingtheGravitationalBendingofLightinExtraDimensions -- 4.ExperimentalDetectionofExtraDimensionsUsingGravita-tionalRed-ShiftsOn-BoardtheInternationalSpaceStationISS -- 5.Conclusion-PhysicsofExtraDimensionsasanExperimentalBranchofPhysicsfortheFirstTime -- 6.Epilogue -- Acknowledgements -- 7.Remarks -- 8.Legacy -- References -- Chapter 10 HISTORY OF THE DISCOVERY OF SATURN'S RINGS AND MOONS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION: OBSERVATIONS OF SATURN IN ANTIQUITY -- HISTORY OF THE DISCOVERY OF SATURN´ S RINGS -- PARTICULARITIES ABOUT DISCOVERIES OF SATURN'S MOONS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11 ORIGIN OF THE SATURN RINGS: ELECTROMAGNETIC MODEL OF THE SOMBRERO RINGS FORMATION -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. AN EXPERIMENTAL DATA OBSERVATION -- Thin Structure and Sharp Edges of the Rings -- Planetcentrical Dust Flow -- Change of the Azimuth Brightness of the A Ring of Saturn -- Spokes in the Ring B of Saturn -- High Reflection and Low Brightness of the Rings Particles in the Radiofrequency Range -- Own Wide Band Pulse Radiation of the Rings -- Frequency Anomalies of Thermal Radiation of the Rings in the 100µm - 1cm Range.

Color Difference of Rings in a Small Scale -- Anomalous Inversion Reflection of Microwaves with Circular Polarization Above 1 Cm -- An Atmosphere of "Unknown" Origin at the Rings -- Existence of Wave of Density and Bending Waves within the Rings -- 3. THEORETICAL SOLUTION OF THE SATURN'S RINGS ORIGIN -- 4. SEPARATION AND COLLISION OF THE PARTICLES WITHIN THE SOMBRERO OF RINGS -- 4. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter12PERIODICFINE-SCALESTRUCTUREINSATURN'SRINGS:ATHEORYOFSELF-GRAVITYDENSITYWAVES -- Abstract -- 1.Introduction -- 2.DynamicalEquilibrium -- 3.OscillationSpectrum -- 3.1.Perturbation -- 3.2.PerturbedVelocities -- 3.3.PerturbedDensity -- 3.4.PerturbedPotential -- 3.5.DispersionRelation -- 3.6.StabilityCriterion -- 3.7.PrevalenceofTrailingSpirals -- 4.TurbulentHeating -- 5.TurbulentViscosity -- 5.1.MolecularViscosity -- 5.2.AnomalousViscosity -- 5.3.MassInflowandLifetimeofSaturn'sRings -- 6.NumericalSimulations -- 6.1.PlanarStructure -- 6.2.VerticalStructure -- 7.Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- AppendixA:TheEffectofCollisions -- AppendixB:OntheSolutionsofGasdynamicalEquationsintheFormofNormalModes -- References -- Chapter13CONTINUOUSWAVELETTRANSFORMASANEFFECTIVETOOLFORTHEDETECTINGOFSATURNRINGS'STRUCTURE -- Abstract -- 1.Introduction:VariousStructuresinSaturnRings -- 1.1.TheStructureofSaturnRings -- 1.2.PhysicalMechanismsoftheEmergingofWaveStructuresintheRings -- 1.3.RecentlyAvailableExperimentalData -- 2.WaveletMethodsforExtractionofStructures -- 2.1.TheoreticalBackground:RealWavelets -- 2.2.TheExampleRing'sPhotoProcessing -- 3.ComplexContinuousWaveletTransformandFieldsofItsApplications -- 3.1.TheComplexContinuousWaveletTransformwiththeMorletWavelet:HowItCanBeUsedforanExtractionofRing'sPeriodicFeatures -- 3.2.Example:DetectionofTypicalStructuresinSaturnRings -- 4.ConclusionandPerspectives -- References.

Chapter 14 SPACE SCIENCE APPLICATIONS OF AEROGELS.

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