Disconnected Youth.

Intro -- DISCONNECTED YOUTH -- DISCONNECTED YOUTH -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- DISCONNECTED AND DISADVANTAGED YOUTH HEARING -- BACKGROUND -- FOCUS OF THE HEARING -- STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN YARMUTH -- STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN YARMUTH -- Prepared Statement of The Honorable John Yarmuth, a Representative in Congress from the State of Kentucky -- STATEMENT OF MICHELE BACHMANN -- Prepared Statement of The Honorable Michele Bachmann, a Representative in Congress from the State of Minnesota -- STATEMENT OF JEWEL KILCHER, RECORDING ARTIST -- Prepared Statement of Jewel, Recording Artist -- STATEMENT OF DEBORAH SHORE, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, SASHA BRUCE YOUTHWORK, INC. -- Prepared Statement of Deborah Shore, Executive Director, Sasha Bruce Youthwork -- Poverty, Family Instability and Child Neglect -- Housing -- Education -- Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Teen Pregnancy -- Drug Use -- Violence -- Conclusion -- STATEMENT OF DECARIO WHITFIELD -- Prepared Statement of DeCario Whitfield -- STATEMENT OF RONALD B. MINCY, MAURICE V. RUSSELL PROFESSOR OF SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY -- Prepared Statement of Ronald B. Mincy, Ph.D., Maurice V. Russell Professor of Social Policy and Social Work Practice, Columbia University School of Social Work -- REFERENCES -- STATEMENT OF MARTHA R. BURT, RESEARCH ASSOCIATE, CENTER ON LABOR, HUMAN SERVICES AND POPULATION, THE URBAN INSTITUTE -- Prepared Statement of Martha R. Burt, Ph.D., Research Associate, Center on Labor, Human Services and Population, The Urban Institute -- Intervention Options -- Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX -- STATEMENT OF DANIEL LIPS, EDUCATION ANALYST, THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION -- Prepared Statement of Dan Lips, Education Analyst, The Heritage Foundation -- Introduction -- Instability and Low Expectations: Root Causes of Poor Educational Out-comes.

Addressing the Need for Greater Stability, High Expectations and Better Educational Opportunities -- The Benefits of Providing Scholarships to Foster Children -- How Congress Can Help Encourage School Choice for Foster Children -- Conclusion -- STATEMENT OF CENTER FOR LAW AND SOCIAL POLICY -- What‟s a Youngster To Do? The Education and Labor Market Plight of Youth in High Poverty Communities -- Statement of Greater Miami Service Corps -- Program Background -- Service Strategy -- Funding Picture -- GREATER MIAMI SERVICE CORPS -- SUCCESS STORIES -- Statement of the Honorable Rubén Hinojosa, a Representative in Congress from the State of Texas -- Statement of the Honorable Rubén Hinojosa, a Representative in Congress from the State of Texas -- Effects of the Child Welfare System on Foster Children -- Socioeconomic Outcomes for Children Who Age Out of Foster Care -- Flexible Funding under Title IV-E of the Social Security Act: Necessary to Successful Reform -- Statement of National Human Services Assembly -- STATEMENT OF THE NATIONAL NETWORK FOR YOUTH -- Introduction -- Runaway and Homeless Youth Basics -- National Network for Youth Public Policy -- Place to Call Home and Place to Call Home Act -- Income Security and Family Support Provisions within Place to Call Home Act -- Child Welfare -- Temporary Assistance for Needy Families-Teen Parent Protections -- Work Opportunity Tax Credit -- Conclusion -- STATEMENT OF NATIONAL YOUTHBUILD COALITION -- Introduction -- YouthBuild Description and History -- Need -- YouthBuild Demographics and Outcomes -- Demand -- Recommendation -- How YouthBuild Works: The Formula to „„Flip the Script‟‟ -- The Voice and Experience of Disconnected Youth, One Story Representing Hundreds of Thousands -- In Closing -- End Notes -- DISCONNECTED YOUTH: A LOOK AT 16- TO 24-YEAR OLDS WHO ARE NOT WORKING OR IN SCHOOL -- SUMMARY.

INTRODUCTION -- BACKGROUND -- OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ON DISCONNECTED YOUTH -- Methodology and Number of Disconnected Youth -- Other Characteristics -- Reasons Associated with Disconnection -- CRS ANALYSIS OF DISCONNECTED YOUTH -- Overview -- Limitations -- Findings -- Reasons Reported For Youth Not Being in School or Working -- Characteristics of Disconnected Youth -- Gender and Age -- Race and Ethnicity -- Educational Attainment -- Poverty -- Health Insurance -- Living Arrangements -- Characteristics of Parents Living with Disconnected Youth -- Trends Over Time -- Gender -- Age and Gender -- Race, Ethnicity, and Gender -- DISCUSSION -- Overview -- Poverty, Family Living Arrangements, and Parental Characteristics -- Implications for Policy -- APPENDIX A. SUMMARY OF MAJOR STUDIES ON DISCONNECTED YOUTH -- APPENDIX B. BACKGROUND TABLES FOR CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE ANALYSIS -- APPENDIX C. BACKGROUND TABLES FOR CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE ANALYSIS OF DISCONNECTED YOUTH, 1988-2008 -- Author Contact Information -- Acknowledgments -- End Notes -- DISCONNECTED YOUTH: FEDERAL ACTION COULD ADDRESS SOME OF THE CHALLENGES FACED BY LOCAL PROGRAMS THAT RECONNECT YOUTH -- WHY GAO DID THIS STUDY -- WHAT GAO RECOMMENDS -- WHAT GAO FOUND -- ABBREVIATIONS -- RESULTS IN BRIEF -- BACKGROUND -- Role of Federal Agencies in Assisting Local Efforts -- LOCAL PROGRAMS WE REVIEWED DIFFERED IN THEIR FUNDING SOURCES AND PROGRAM STRUCTURE, YET SHARED SOME CHARACTERISTICS -- Programs Received Funding from Federal, State, Local, and Private Sources -- The 39 Programs We Reviewed Were Structured Differently to Provide Employment and Educational Services to Youth -- Despite Different Approaches to Serving Youth, Local Programs Shared Some Specific Characteristics.

DIRECTORS OF THE 39 LOCAL PROGRAMS CITED SIMILAR KEY ELEMENTS IN RECONNECTING YOUTH TO EDUCATIONAL AND EMPLOYMENT GOALS -- Staff and Leadership Are Key in Building Relationships with Youth and Community Partners -- Directors Emphasized the Importance of Addressing Youth Needs in a Holistic Manner -- Specific Program Design Components Help Programs to Engage and Retain Young People -- Programs Empower Youth by Setting Expectations and Strengthening Their Leadership Skills -- DIRECTORS WE INTERVIEWED CITED SERVICE GAPS, FUNDING CONSTRAINTS, AND FEDERAL GRANT MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES THAT HINDERED THEIR EFFORTS -- FEDERAL COORDINATION EFFORTS UNDER WAY MAY HELP ADDRESS SOME OF THESE ISSUES -- Programs Constrained by Circumstances and Needs of Some Youth and Gaps in Services at the Community Level -- Funding Constraints from Government and Other Sources Challenge Program Stability and Efforts to Serve More Youth -- Performance Contracts Associated with Some Federal Funding May Have Unintended Consequences -- Federal Grant Requirements That Vary across Programs Can Pose Challenges -- To Address the Various Needs of Disconnected Youth, Federal Agencies Have Intensified Efforts to Coordinate across Youth-Serving Programs -- CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATION FOR EXECUTIVE ACTION -- AGENCY COMMENTS AND OUR EVALUATION -- APPENDIX I: LIST OF LOCAL PROGRAMS INTERVIEWED -- APPENDIX II: SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY -- APPENDIX III: KEY FEDERAL GRANT PROGRAMS THAT SERVE DISCONNECTED YOUTH -- APPENDIX IV: COMMENTS FROM THE DoL -- APPENDIX V: COMMENTS FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES -- CHAPTER SOURCES -- INDEX.

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