Balancing Human Rights, Environmental Protection and International Trade : Lessons from the EU Experience.

Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Table of Cases -- Tables of Legislation -- 1. Introduction: The Purpose and Frame of this Inquiry -- I. Introduction -- A. The Objectives of this Book -- B. Why Human Rights and the Environment? -- C. The Significance of the EU Experience -- i. The Relevance of the EU Experience for the WTO -- D. The Starting Point for this Inquiry: Pragmatism Rather than Ideology -- E. Framing the Inquiry: Sustainable Development and Proportionality -- i. Sustainable Development -- ii. The Principle of Proportionality -- II. Structure of the Book -- PART I: THE EU EXPERIENCE -- 2. The Emergence of Human Rights and Environmental Protection in the EU -- Introduction -- I. The Protection of Human Rights in the EU -- A. The Emergence of EU Human Rights Protection: A Chronological Account -- i. The Treaty of Rome (1957) -- ii. The Single European Act (1986) -- iii. The Treaty on European Union (1992) -- iv. The Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) -- v. The Treaty of Nice (2001) and the Charter of Fundamental Rights for the European Union -- vi. The Treaty of Lisbon (2007) -- B. The Coming of Age of EU Human Rights: 2000- -- i. Issues Raised by the Charter of Fundamental Rights -- ii. The Significance of the Role of the Court of Justice -- C. EU Human Rights Protection and the International Legal Order -- i. EU Law in the International Legal Order: The Kadi Case -- ii. The View of the ECHR Regarding EU Fundamental Rights -- iii. The Impact of Kadi and Kadi II -- D. Human Rights in the EU: Conclusions -- II. The Protection of the Environment in the EU -- A. The Emergence of EU Environmental Protection: A Chronological Account -- i. The Treaty of Rome (1957) -- ii. The Single European Act (1986): The Foundations of a More Proactive Environmental Policy -- iii. The Treaty on European Union (1992).

iv. The Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) -- v. The Treaty of Nice (2001) -- vi. The Treaty of Lisbon (2007) -- B. Fundamental Principles in EU Environmental Law and Policy -- i. Subsidiarity -- ii. Sustainability: The Sustainable Development Strategy -- iii. Duty of Integration -- iv. Proportionality -- v. The Precautionary Principle -- C. Looking Forward: The Emerging Significance of Sectoral Environmental Objectives (post-2007) -- i. The Seventh Environmental Action Programme (2013) -- ii. Climate Change and Energy -- iii. The Emergence of New Approaches to Governance -- iv. The Benefits of Participatory, Deliberative Approaches: The Kosterhavet National Park -- D. EU Environmental Policy: Conclusions -- i. The Development of Secondary EC Environmental Legislation -- ii. Legal Basis for Measures Including an Environmental Element -- III. Human Rights and Environmental Protection in the EU: Conclusions -- 3. The Standing of Human Rights and Environmental Protection in the EU Legal Order -- Introduction -- I. Regulating the Interface between Economic and Non-economic Interests: The Rules of the Internal Market -- A. Human Rights and the Fundamental Freedoms -- i. Schmidberger: Introducing a Sustainable Development-Based Approach -- B. Environmental Protection and the Fundamental Freedoms -- i. Environmental Protection as a Justification for Restriction of Movement -- II. Human Rights and Environmental Protection as Free-Standing Objectives? -- A. Remedies and Case Law -- i. The System of Remedies -- ii. Environmental Protection: A Ground of Review? -- iii. Non-economic Interests and the Test for Standing -- iv. Greenpeace -- v. The Lisbon Treaty Amendment to the Test for Standing of Natural and Legal Persons -- B. Access to Justice: The Aarhus Convention.

III. Conclusions: The Significance of Sustainable Development and Proportionality in Balancing the EU's Economic and Non-economic Interests -- A. Balancing Interests: The Need for Proportionality -- B. The Emergence of the Two-Way Application of the Proportionality Test -- C. The Two-Way Application of Proportionality as an Operationalisation of Sustainable Development -- D. Enforcement of Non-economic Interests Outside the Context of the Internal Market Rules -- 4. The EU's Relations with Third States -- Introduction -- I. The Basis of External Competence of the EU -- A. Conferral: The Source of EU Powers -- B. The Position under the TEU -- i. The EC: The First Pillar of the EU -- ii. The CFSP: The Second Pillar of the EU -- iii. The Distinction between EC and EU Competences -- C. The Post-Lisbon Position (2009-) -- II. The Exercise of EU Competence -- A. Legal Base: Competency to Undertake External Action -- i. Express Powers -- ii. Implied Powers -- iii. The Scope of Conferred Competence: Common Commercial Policy-Opinion 1/94 -- iv. Article 2(2) TFEU: Member State Competence Subordinate to EU Competence? -- v. Complementary Competence -- III. EU Competence in Relation to its Newer Objectives -- A. The Significance of Concurrent Powers -- B. The EU's External Competence: Environmental Protection -- C. External EU Competence: Human Rights -- i. The Limits of the Implied External Human Rights Competence -- ii. Internal Human Rights: Objective or Transverse Obligation? -- iii. The Distinction between an Obligation to Respect and a Power to Promote -- iv. The Basis of the Human Rights Clause in EU Agreements with Third States -- v. Case C-268/94 Portugal v Council and Commission of the European Community -- vi. The Lisbon Treaty Position: Essential Clarification -- IV. The Effect of International Agreements in EU Law.

A. Direct Effect: A Necessary Condition for Reviewability of the Compatibility of EU Law with an International Agreement -- i. Direct Effect? A Two-Prong Test -- B. Unpacking the Jurisdiction of the Court of Justice to Review the Compatibility of EU Law with the EU's International Obligations -- i. Questions Concerning the Scope of the Court of Justice's Jurisdiction -- V. Concluding Comments -- A. The Nature of EU External Competence -- B. The Nature of EU External Competence in Respect of Human Rights and Environmental Protection -- C. The Emergence of External Competence as a Mirror of the Development of Internal Competence -- D. The Effect of the EU's External Commitments -- 5. Human Rights and Environmental Protection in the EU's Relations with Third States -- Introduction -- Structure of the Chapter -- I. Forms and Types of Agreement between the EU and Third States -- A. Trade Agreements -- B. Partnership and Cooperation Agreements -- C. Association Agreements -- i. Development Cooperation Agreements -- ii. The Europe Agreements -- iii. Other Association Agreements -- D. European Neighbourhood Policy -- E. Sectoral Agreements -- F. Interim Agreements -- II. The Emergence of the Human Rights and Democracy Clause: Lomé IV (1990) -- A. Article 366a: Introducing Human Rights Conditionality to Lomé (1995) -- B. The Cotonou Agreement (2000) -- C. The Human Rights and Democracy Clause in Agreements with Central and Eastern European States -- i. Ex Ante Human Rights Consideration -- ii. Human Rights Conditionality within Agreements with European States -- iii. The Substance of the Clause in Agreements with European States -- D. Universal Inclusion of the Human Rights Clause -- i. A Universal Policy with Varying Reference Points and Content -- E. Human Rights Conditionality and the EU GSP -- i. Positive Conditionality under the GSP.

ii. Negative Conditionality -- iii. Reform of the GSP -- iv. Temporary Withdrawal of GSP Benefits -- F. Sectoral Agreements -- G. External Opposition to Inclusion of the Human Rights Clause: Mexico and Australia -- i. Mexico -- ii. Australia -- H. Questions Regarding the Definition and Perception of Human Rights at Issue: A Truly Universal Policy? -- I. Continuing Resistance to Human Rights Conditionality -- J. Factors Influencing the Form and Strength of the Human Rights Clause -- III. EU Enforcement of the Human Rights Clause -- A. Meaningful Conditionality? The Partnership and Cooperation Agreement with Russia -- B. Discretion and Consistency in Relation to the Human Rights Clause -- C. The Subsequent Challenge: Standing to Enforce the Clause? -- i. Mugraby v Council and Commission -- D. Reliance on the Exercise of Political Discretion in the Enforcement of the Human Rights Clause -- IV. The Protection of the Environment in the EU's Relations with Third States -- A. Development Cooperation Agreements -- i. The Cotonou Agreement -- ii. Environmental Protection in the Europe Agreements -- B. Partnership and Cooperation Agreements -- C. Cooperation Agreements -- D. Trade Agreements -- E. The Agreement with Mexico -- F. Australia -- G. The Emergence of an Integrative Approach: Sustainable Development in the EU's Agreements with Third States -- i. The Integration of the Environmental Dimension in Development -- V. Conclusions -- A. On Human Rights Conditionality -- B. On Environmental Protection -- C. The Significance of Relativity in the Pursuit of Noneconomic Interests in the EU's External Relations -- i. Mitigating the Charge of Imperialism -- ii. The Creation of Regulatory Space for the Protection of Non-economic Values -- D. EU External Policy as a Reflection of its Internal Policy.

E. Lessons Which May Be Drawn from the EU's Experience in Reconciling the Pursuit of Economic and Non-economic Interests.

This book explores the means by which economic liberalisation can be reconciled with human rights and environmental protection in the regulation of international trade.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.