Cancer Prevention and Screening : Concepts, Principles and Controversies.

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Foreword -- Prologue -- Chapter 1 Global perspectives surrounding cancer prevention and screening -- Principles of cancer control strategy -- Magnitude of the problem: Proportion of cancer globally attributable to preventable causes -- Primary prevention strategies globally -- Tobacco smoking -- Vaccination -- Screening -- General principles -- Existing screening options -- The harms of screening -- Targeted screening -- Early diagnosis -- Historical importance: Reasons for late presentation -- Targeted screening based on nonspecific symptoms -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Public health perspectives surrounding cancer prevention and screening: The Ontario edition -- Context: Health care in Canada -- What is happening at the federal level? -- What is happening at the provincial level? Cancer Care Ontario -- The Ontario Cancer Plan -- Measuring cancer system performance in Ontario -- Cancer prevention in Ontario led by CCO -- Work at the policy level -- Work at the individual level -- Prevention research -- Public Health Ontario -- Canadian Cancer Society -- CCO's provincial cancer screening programmes -- CCO's approach to new evidence for cancer screening -- CPAC's role in cancer screening -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Cancer screening: A general perspective -- On the nature of screening -- Assessing a screening test -- Assessing benefit from a screening test -- Lead-time bias -- Length bias -- Overdiagnosis -- The order of evidence of benefit -- The population screened -- The magnitude of screening benefit -- Screening in practice -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 The balance of cancer screening risks and benefits -- Cervical screening -- Breast screening -- Colorectal cancer screening -- Prostate cancer screening.

Psychological harms of screening -- Informed decision-making -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Cancer screening issues in black and ethnic minority populations -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Public awareness of cancer screening -- Awareness of cancer screening -- Beliefs relevant to cancer screening -- Perceptions of cancer risk -- Cancer fear -- Cancer fatalism -- Perceived benefits and harms of cancer screening -- Informed choice -- Intention and action -- Engagement -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Public understanding of cancer prevention -- Public understanding of prevention -- What can we do to improve understanding? -- Case study: Online information -- Case study: The media -- Case study: The Cancer Awareness Roadshow, a face‐to‐face intervention -- Case study: Talk Cancer, training for health workers -- Communicating risk -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Cervical cancer screening: An exemplar of a population screening programme, and cervical cancer prevention -- How do we screen for cervical precancer? -- Prevention of invasive cervical cancer: The impact of cytological screening -- Factors influencing the success of a screening programme -- Molecular-based cervical screening technologies -- Algorithms employing HPV DNA in primary screening -- The value of biomarkers in triage -- Consensus guidelines for the management of abnormal cervical cancer screening tests and cancer precursors -- Risk assessment to guide cervical screening strategies -- Male Circumcision and Cervical Cancer -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Prevention of and screening for anal cancer -- Primary prevention -- Vaccination -- Modification of behaviour and other exposures -- Secondary prevention -- Screening and treatment for cancer precursors -- Early detection and treatment of cancer -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References.

Chapter 10 The prevention of breast cancer -- Estimation of risk of breast cancer -- Clinical breast cancer prevention -- Preventive therapy (chemoprevention) -- Side effects of preventive therapy -- Other preventive agents -- Uptake of preventive therapy -- Lifestyle change -- Weight control -- Exercise -- Alcohol -- Lifestyle programmes for breast cancer risk reduction -- Risk-reducing surgery -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11 Breast cancer: Population and targeted screening -- Evidence for the benefit of breast cancer screening -- Randomized controlled trials -- Observational studies -- Evidence for the benefit of screening women under age 50 -- Evidence for the benefit of screening women above age 70 -- Balance of benefits and harms -- Implementation of mammography screening in different countries -- Organized screening programmes -- Opportunistic screening -- Individualized screening -- New technologies in breast cancer screening -- Digital breast tomosynthesis -- Automated whole-breast ultrasound -- Contrast-enhanced digital mammography -- MRI -- Breath testing -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12 Prostate cancer prevention -- Rationale for prostate cancer prevention -- Risk factors -- Chronic inflammation of the prostate -- Smoking -- Obesity -- Chemoprevention -- 5-Alpha-Reductase Inhibitors (5-ARIs) -- Metformin -- Statins -- Dietary supplements -- Selenium and vitamin E -- Prostate cancer prevention clinical trials -- Trial end-points -- Study design -- Study cohorts -- Chemoprevention clinical trial programme -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13 Population screening for prostate cancer -- Screening -- The malignancy should be an important health problem -- The natural history of PCa needs to be well understood -- Effective treatments for PCa should be available -- The screening test should be acceptable.

Adequate facilities should be available to deal with any abnormalities detected -- The benefits of screening should exceed the harms -- Future developments -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14 Colon cancer prevention -- Genetic architecture of colorectal cancer -- Mutations and genetic variants -- Consensus molecular subtype classification -- Prevention strategies for colorectal cancer -- Lifestyle modifications and aspirin use -- Personalized chemoprevention with aspirin -- Biological mechanism of aspirin -- Germline variants -- Somatic mutations and gene expression -- Prescribing aspirin to the general and high‐risk populations -- Dose and duration -- Recommendations and considerations -- Future work and novel therapies -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15 Colon cancer screening -- Rationale for CRC screening -- Overview of evidence -- Targets of screening -- Role of endoscopy versus indirect tests -- Stool blood testing -- Guaiac-based FOBT: RCT evidence of efficacy -- Faecal immunochemical testing: An improved stool test -- FIT and guidelines -- Challenges for the future -- FIT sensitivity in a programme of testing repeatedly over time -- Sigmoidoscopy -- Evidence of efficacy from RCTs -- International variability in the practice of sigmoidoscopy -- Sigmoidoscopy and guidelines -- Challenges for the future: Tailoring screening to risk -- Colonoscopy -- How effective could colonoscopy be in assuring low future CRC risk? -- Can the magnitude of colonoscopy protection be inferred from data from sigmoidoscopy RCTs? -- Can the magnitude of colonoscopy protection be inferred from non‐RCT studies? -- Colonoscopy quality: Very variable and very significant -- Challenges for the future -- Post-polypectomy surveillance -- Surveillance guidelines have varied over time and have at times been overaggressive -- Challenges for the future.

Screening guidelines -- Different recommendations -- Different processes -- Challenges for the future -- References -- Chapter 16 Lung cancer prevention -- The occurrence of lung cancer -- The causes of lung cancer and opportunities for prevention -- Tobacco smoking -- Air pollution -- Ionizing radiation -- Occupational factors -- Chemoprevention of lung cancer -- The burden of avoidable lung cancer -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 17 Lung cancer screening -- Screening for lung cancer: Early approaches -- Randomized controlled trials -- National Lung Screening Trial -- Subset analyses within the NLST -- The European Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) -- False-positive examinations: A serious challenge -- Nodule measurement, definition of positive scan, and nodule management -- Radiation risk -- Recommendations for screening -- Risk-based models to better select screening populations -- Selection of high-risk individuals may reduce false-positive rate -- Screening in never smokers -- Cost-effectiveness -- Critical interface with smoking cessation programmes -- Implementation of screening programmes -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 18 Mesothelioma: Screening in the modern age -- Role of screening -- Identifying the at-risk population -- Screening methodologies -- The role of chest X-ray -- The role of computed tomography -- The role of circulating biomarkers -- Circulating biomarker studies for distinguishing MPM from controls -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 19 Skin cancer prevention and screening -- Causes of skin cancer -- Incidence -- Changes in incidence trends internationally: Are prevention efforts working? -- Cost of skin cancer -- Controversies in prevention -- Does sunscreen make things better or worse? -- Banning solariums and sunbeds -- Vitamin D -- Conclusions on prevention -- Population screening for melanoma.

The absence of randomized trials.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.