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Wind Energy Essentials : Societal, Economic, and Environmental Impacts.

By: Contributor(s): Material type: TextTextPublisher: Newark : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2015Copyright date: ©2015Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (513 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9781118947937
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Wind Energy EssentialsLOC classification:
  • TK1541 -- .W346 2015eb
Online resources:
Contents:
Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Foreword -- Chapter 1 Impacts of Energy and Electricity on Society -- 1.1 What Are "Social and Environmental Impacts"? -- 1.1.1 Interactions and Effects of Technology on Society and the Environment -- 1.1.2 Sustainable Development -- 1.1.3 Wind Power, Technology, and Society -- 1.2 Early Wind Power Innovation and Discovery -- 1.2.1 Age of Sail Power -- 1.2.2 Wind Power and the Transcontinental Railroad -- 1.2.3 Wind Power for Settling the Great Plains -- 1.2.4 The Dutch Experience -- 1.2.5 The English Experience -- 1.2.6 Wind Power for Industry -- 1.3 Impact of Electricity on Society -- 1.3.1 National Academy of Engineering: Great Achievements of the Twentieth Century -- 1.3.2 History of the Early Electric Utilities -- 1.3.3 Rural Electrification Administration -- 1.3.4 Expansion of the Electric Grid -- 1.3.5 Electricity-World View -- 1.4 History of Wind Energy for Electricity Production -- 1.5 Renewables and Electrification in Third‐World Countries -- 1.6 The Nexus of Wind, Water, and Electricity -- References -- Chapter 2 The Basics of Electricity -- 2.1 Units of Electrical Measurement -- 2.2 Descriptions of Common Electrical Equipment -- 2.3 Types of Companies or Business Units within the Electric Industry -- 2.4 Frequently Asked Questions -- 2.4.1 How Do I Tell How Much Electricity I Use and How Much It Costs? -- 2.4.2 Can Wind Energy or Electricity Be Stored Until It Is Needed? -- 2.4.3 How Much Does It Cost Me to Run the Air Conditioner or Other Appliances in My Home? -- 2.4.4 If We Do Not Store Electricity from Wind Energy, What Happens When the Wind Stops? -- 2.4.5 How Can Wind Energy Get to My House? -- 2.4.6 If I Am Buying Renewable Energy from My Electricity Provider, How Do I Know That the Electricity I Use Came from a Source of Renewable Energy?.
2.4.7 My Utility Charges More for "Green Energy." Does Wind Power Cost More than Electricity from Traditional Sources? -- 2.4.8 Can I Install a Small Wind Turbine at My House or Business and Reduce My Electric Bill? -- Reference -- Chapter 3 Overview of Wind Energy and Other Sources of Electricity -- 3.1 Defining Renewable Energy -- 3.2 Sources and Uses of Energy -- 3.3 Growth of Renewable Energy in the United States -- 3.4 Use of Renewable Energy for Electricity Production in the United States -- 3.5 Growth of Wind Power Capacity in the United States -- 3.6 Subsidies or Incentives for Wind Energy -- 3.7 Potential for Increased Use of Wind Energy in the United States -- 3.8 Wind Resources in the United States -- 3.9 Overview of Other Sources of Electric Generation in the United States -- 3.9.1 Coal -- 3.9.2 Nuclear Energy -- 3.9.3 Natural Gas -- References -- Chapter 4 Conversion of Power in the Wind to Electricity -- 4.1 Wind Power Plants and Wind Turbines -- 4.1.1 How a Wind Turbine Works -- 4.1.2 Wind Turbine Anatomy -- 4.1.3 The Power Curve -- 4.1.4 The Wind Power Formula -- 4.2 Atmospheric Science -- 4.2.1 Wind Characterization -- 4.2.2 Wind Storms -- 4.2.3 Wind Measurement -- 4.2.4 Wind for Energy Production -- 4.3 Wind Statistics -- 4.3.1 Wind Statistical Distributions -- 4.3.2 Wind Shear -- 4.3.3 Wind Turbulence -- 4.3.4 Calculating Annual Energy Production -- Chapter 5 The Wind Energy Development Process -- 5.1 Requirements for an Economically Viable Wind Energy Project -- 5.1.1 Property Rights -- 5.1.2 Good Wind Resource -- 5.1.3 Site Wind Data -- 5.1.4 Transmission Access -- 5.1.5 A Customer or Market for the Energy -- 5.1.6 Wind Turbines and Related Equipment -- 5.1.7 Permits -- 5.1.8 An Engineering, Procurement, and Construction Contractor -- 5.1.9 Capital.
5.2 Other Factors that Contribute to the Success of a Wind Energy Project -- 5.2.1 Federal Renewable Energy Production Tax Credit -- 5.2.2 County Tax Abatements -- 5.2.3 School District Tax Abatements or Appraised Value Limitations -- 5.2.4 Community Support -- 5.3 Potential "Fatal Flaws" -- 5.4 Coordination of the Wind Energy Project Development Process -- 5.4.1 Turbine Supply Agreement -- 5.4.2 Transmission Interconnection Agreement -- 5.4.3 Power Purchase Agreements -- 5.4.4 Financing Agreements -- 5.4.5 Signing Day -- 5.5 Timeline for Developing a Wind Energy Project -- 5.6 Major Steps in the Early‐Stage Wind Project Development Process -- 5.7 Major Steps in Latter‐Stage Wind Energy Project Development -- 5.8 Final Steps in Developing a Wind Energy Project -- 5.9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 Overview of Issues Faced by Wind Energy -- 6.1 The Need to Understand and Respond -- 6.2 Community Relationships and Public Outreach -- 6.2.1 Residential Density -- 6.2.2 Socioeconomic Level of Community and Surrounding Residences -- 6.2.3 Compatibility of the Project with Existing Land Use -- 6.2.4 Proximity to Parks, Lakes, Recreational Areas, Scenic View Sheds, or Historical Sites -- 6.2.5 Community Desire for Economic Growth in the Area -- 6.2.6 Effective Community Outreach Efforts -- 6.3 General Categorization of Issues -- 6.3.1 Biological or Wildlife‐Related Issues -- 6.3.2 Human Health-Related Issues -- 6.3.3 Other Human‐Related Issues -- 6.3.4 Technology‐Related Issues -- 6.3.5 Economic‐Related Issues -- Reference -- Chapter 7 Wind and Wildlife: Siting Issues and Challenges -- 7.1 Overview of Wildlife‐Related Issues Faced by the Wind Industry -- 7.2 State and Federal Regulations Relevant to Wind Development's Impact on Wildlife -- 7.3 USFWS Guidelines for Wind Development -- 7.3.1 USFWS' Land‐Based Wind Energy Guidelines.
7.3.2 USFWS' Eagle Conservation Plan Guidance: Module 1-Land‐Based Wind Energy -- 7.4 Best Management Practices for Wind Energy Development Included as Chapter 7 of the USFWS Land‐Based Wind Energy Guidelines -- 7.5 Bird Deaths Due to Collisions with Wind Turbine Blades -- 7.5.1 USFWS's Migratory Bird Mortality: Many Human‐Caused Threats Afflict Bird Populations -- 7.5.2 A Summary and Comparison of Bird Mortality from Anthropogenic Causes with an Emphasis on Collisions -- 7.5.3 Wind Turbine Interactions with Birds, Bats, and Their Habitats: A Summary of Research Results and Priority Questions -- 7.5.4 The Avian Benefits of Wind Energy: A 2009 Update -- 7.5.5 Additional Impacts with Expected Growth of the Wind Energy Industry -- 7.5.6 Comparing Impacts of Wind Energy with Other Sources of Electric Generation -- 7.6 Wind Generation Wildlife Issues Not Limited to Avian Collisions -- 7.7 Avian Species of Concern -- 7.7.1 Raptors -- 7.7.2 Whooping Cranes -- 7.7.3 Black‐capped Vireos -- 7.7.4 Lesser Prairie Chicken -- 7.8 Bat Deaths Due to Wind Energy Development -- 7.8.1 Bat Mortality Rates and Potential Contributors to Bat Deaths from Wind Development -- 7.8.2 Barotrauma -- 7.8.3 Minimizing the Impact of Wind Energy Development on Bats -- 7.9 Organizations Studying Ways to Minimize Effects of Wind Development on Birds and Other Wildlife -- 7.9.1 The American Wind Wildlife Institute -- 7.9.2 The National Wind Coordinating Collaborative -- 7.9.3 The USFWS WTGA Committee -- 7.9.4 The Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative -- 7.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Environmental and Ecological Impacts of Wind Energy on Humans: Public Health Issues -- 8.1 Overview of Environmental and Ecological Impacts on Humans -- 8.2 Wind Turbine Noise: Key Terms -- 8.3 Estimates of Noise from Wind Turbines.
8.4 Potential Health Effects of Audible or Subaudible Noise from Wind Turbines -- 8.5 Noise Ordinances -- 8.6 Technological Advances That Can Reduce Turbine Noise -- 8.6.1 Blade Pitch Control Versus Stall Regulation -- 8.6.2 Variable Speed Versus Constant Speed -- 8.6.3 Upwind Versus Downwind Turbines -- 8.6.4 Direct Drive Versus Turbines with Gearboxes -- 8.7 Siting Procedures for Noise Mitigation -- 8.7.1 Mapping -- 8.7.2 Review of State and Local Ordinances -- 8.7.3 Establish Setbacks -- 8.7.4 Public Communication -- 8.7.5 Compare Noise Potential of Various Turbine Models -- 8.7.6 Pre‐ and Postconstruction Noise Measurements -- 8.8 Shadow Flicker -- 8.9 Mitigation of Shadow Flicker -- 8.10 Electric and Magnetic Fields -- 8.11 Mitigating EMF Exposure from Wind Projects -- 8.12 Solid and Hazardous Wastes -- 8.13 Mitigation of Solid and Hazardous Waste Issues -- 8.14 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Environmental and Ecological Impacts of Wind Energy on Humans: Public and Workforce Safety Issues -- 9.1 Overview of Workforce and Public Safety Issues -- 9.2 Things Can Go Wrong Anytime Humans Are Involved (in any Industry) -- 9.3 Ice Shedding -- 9.4 Mitigating Ice Shedding Issues -- 9.5 Blade Throw -- 9.6 Mitigating Blade Throw Issues -- 9.7 Risk of Fire -- 9.8 Mitigating Risk of Fire -- 9.9 Lightning -- 9.10 Other Weather Emergencies: Hurricanes, Tornadoes, and Hail -- 9.11 The Impact of Wind Energy on Vehicular Traffic -- 9.12 Planning for and Addressing Transportation Issues -- 9.13 Electrical and Pipeline Safety: Height, Depth, and Location of Electric Lines -- 9.14 Other Wind Energy Industry Workforce Safety Issues -- 9.15 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 Wind Energy's Impact on Aviation, Radar, and Telecommunications -- 10.1 Impact of Wind Energy on Military and Civilian Aviation.
10.2 Regulatory Requirements and FAA Permitting Process.
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Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Foreword -- Chapter 1 Impacts of Energy and Electricity on Society -- 1.1 What Are "Social and Environmental Impacts"? -- 1.1.1 Interactions and Effects of Technology on Society and the Environment -- 1.1.2 Sustainable Development -- 1.1.3 Wind Power, Technology, and Society -- 1.2 Early Wind Power Innovation and Discovery -- 1.2.1 Age of Sail Power -- 1.2.2 Wind Power and the Transcontinental Railroad -- 1.2.3 Wind Power for Settling the Great Plains -- 1.2.4 The Dutch Experience -- 1.2.5 The English Experience -- 1.2.6 Wind Power for Industry -- 1.3 Impact of Electricity on Society -- 1.3.1 National Academy of Engineering: Great Achievements of the Twentieth Century -- 1.3.2 History of the Early Electric Utilities -- 1.3.3 Rural Electrification Administration -- 1.3.4 Expansion of the Electric Grid -- 1.3.5 Electricity-World View -- 1.4 History of Wind Energy for Electricity Production -- 1.5 Renewables and Electrification in Third‐World Countries -- 1.6 The Nexus of Wind, Water, and Electricity -- References -- Chapter 2 The Basics of Electricity -- 2.1 Units of Electrical Measurement -- 2.2 Descriptions of Common Electrical Equipment -- 2.3 Types of Companies or Business Units within the Electric Industry -- 2.4 Frequently Asked Questions -- 2.4.1 How Do I Tell How Much Electricity I Use and How Much It Costs? -- 2.4.2 Can Wind Energy or Electricity Be Stored Until It Is Needed? -- 2.4.3 How Much Does It Cost Me to Run the Air Conditioner or Other Appliances in My Home? -- 2.4.4 If We Do Not Store Electricity from Wind Energy, What Happens When the Wind Stops? -- 2.4.5 How Can Wind Energy Get to My House? -- 2.4.6 If I Am Buying Renewable Energy from My Electricity Provider, How Do I Know That the Electricity I Use Came from a Source of Renewable Energy?.

2.4.7 My Utility Charges More for "Green Energy." Does Wind Power Cost More than Electricity from Traditional Sources? -- 2.4.8 Can I Install a Small Wind Turbine at My House or Business and Reduce My Electric Bill? -- Reference -- Chapter 3 Overview of Wind Energy and Other Sources of Electricity -- 3.1 Defining Renewable Energy -- 3.2 Sources and Uses of Energy -- 3.3 Growth of Renewable Energy in the United States -- 3.4 Use of Renewable Energy for Electricity Production in the United States -- 3.5 Growth of Wind Power Capacity in the United States -- 3.6 Subsidies or Incentives for Wind Energy -- 3.7 Potential for Increased Use of Wind Energy in the United States -- 3.8 Wind Resources in the United States -- 3.9 Overview of Other Sources of Electric Generation in the United States -- 3.9.1 Coal -- 3.9.2 Nuclear Energy -- 3.9.3 Natural Gas -- References -- Chapter 4 Conversion of Power in the Wind to Electricity -- 4.1 Wind Power Plants and Wind Turbines -- 4.1.1 How a Wind Turbine Works -- 4.1.2 Wind Turbine Anatomy -- 4.1.3 The Power Curve -- 4.1.4 The Wind Power Formula -- 4.2 Atmospheric Science -- 4.2.1 Wind Characterization -- 4.2.2 Wind Storms -- 4.2.3 Wind Measurement -- 4.2.4 Wind for Energy Production -- 4.3 Wind Statistics -- 4.3.1 Wind Statistical Distributions -- 4.3.2 Wind Shear -- 4.3.3 Wind Turbulence -- 4.3.4 Calculating Annual Energy Production -- Chapter 5 The Wind Energy Development Process -- 5.1 Requirements for an Economically Viable Wind Energy Project -- 5.1.1 Property Rights -- 5.1.2 Good Wind Resource -- 5.1.3 Site Wind Data -- 5.1.4 Transmission Access -- 5.1.5 A Customer or Market for the Energy -- 5.1.6 Wind Turbines and Related Equipment -- 5.1.7 Permits -- 5.1.8 An Engineering, Procurement, and Construction Contractor -- 5.1.9 Capital.

5.2 Other Factors that Contribute to the Success of a Wind Energy Project -- 5.2.1 Federal Renewable Energy Production Tax Credit -- 5.2.2 County Tax Abatements -- 5.2.3 School District Tax Abatements or Appraised Value Limitations -- 5.2.4 Community Support -- 5.3 Potential "Fatal Flaws" -- 5.4 Coordination of the Wind Energy Project Development Process -- 5.4.1 Turbine Supply Agreement -- 5.4.2 Transmission Interconnection Agreement -- 5.4.3 Power Purchase Agreements -- 5.4.4 Financing Agreements -- 5.4.5 Signing Day -- 5.5 Timeline for Developing a Wind Energy Project -- 5.6 Major Steps in the Early‐Stage Wind Project Development Process -- 5.7 Major Steps in Latter‐Stage Wind Energy Project Development -- 5.8 Final Steps in Developing a Wind Energy Project -- 5.9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 Overview of Issues Faced by Wind Energy -- 6.1 The Need to Understand and Respond -- 6.2 Community Relationships and Public Outreach -- 6.2.1 Residential Density -- 6.2.2 Socioeconomic Level of Community and Surrounding Residences -- 6.2.3 Compatibility of the Project with Existing Land Use -- 6.2.4 Proximity to Parks, Lakes, Recreational Areas, Scenic View Sheds, or Historical Sites -- 6.2.5 Community Desire for Economic Growth in the Area -- 6.2.6 Effective Community Outreach Efforts -- 6.3 General Categorization of Issues -- 6.3.1 Biological or Wildlife‐Related Issues -- 6.3.2 Human Health-Related Issues -- 6.3.3 Other Human‐Related Issues -- 6.3.4 Technology‐Related Issues -- 6.3.5 Economic‐Related Issues -- Reference -- Chapter 7 Wind and Wildlife: Siting Issues and Challenges -- 7.1 Overview of Wildlife‐Related Issues Faced by the Wind Industry -- 7.2 State and Federal Regulations Relevant to Wind Development's Impact on Wildlife -- 7.3 USFWS Guidelines for Wind Development -- 7.3.1 USFWS' Land‐Based Wind Energy Guidelines.

7.3.2 USFWS' Eagle Conservation Plan Guidance: Module 1-Land‐Based Wind Energy -- 7.4 Best Management Practices for Wind Energy Development Included as Chapter 7 of the USFWS Land‐Based Wind Energy Guidelines -- 7.5 Bird Deaths Due to Collisions with Wind Turbine Blades -- 7.5.1 USFWS's Migratory Bird Mortality: Many Human‐Caused Threats Afflict Bird Populations -- 7.5.2 A Summary and Comparison of Bird Mortality from Anthropogenic Causes with an Emphasis on Collisions -- 7.5.3 Wind Turbine Interactions with Birds, Bats, and Their Habitats: A Summary of Research Results and Priority Questions -- 7.5.4 The Avian Benefits of Wind Energy: A 2009 Update -- 7.5.5 Additional Impacts with Expected Growth of the Wind Energy Industry -- 7.5.6 Comparing Impacts of Wind Energy with Other Sources of Electric Generation -- 7.6 Wind Generation Wildlife Issues Not Limited to Avian Collisions -- 7.7 Avian Species of Concern -- 7.7.1 Raptors -- 7.7.2 Whooping Cranes -- 7.7.3 Black‐capped Vireos -- 7.7.4 Lesser Prairie Chicken -- 7.8 Bat Deaths Due to Wind Energy Development -- 7.8.1 Bat Mortality Rates and Potential Contributors to Bat Deaths from Wind Development -- 7.8.2 Barotrauma -- 7.8.3 Minimizing the Impact of Wind Energy Development on Bats -- 7.9 Organizations Studying Ways to Minimize Effects of Wind Development on Birds and Other Wildlife -- 7.9.1 The American Wind Wildlife Institute -- 7.9.2 The National Wind Coordinating Collaborative -- 7.9.3 The USFWS WTGA Committee -- 7.9.4 The Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative -- 7.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Environmental and Ecological Impacts of Wind Energy on Humans: Public Health Issues -- 8.1 Overview of Environmental and Ecological Impacts on Humans -- 8.2 Wind Turbine Noise: Key Terms -- 8.3 Estimates of Noise from Wind Turbines.

8.4 Potential Health Effects of Audible or Subaudible Noise from Wind Turbines -- 8.5 Noise Ordinances -- 8.6 Technological Advances That Can Reduce Turbine Noise -- 8.6.1 Blade Pitch Control Versus Stall Regulation -- 8.6.2 Variable Speed Versus Constant Speed -- 8.6.3 Upwind Versus Downwind Turbines -- 8.6.4 Direct Drive Versus Turbines with Gearboxes -- 8.7 Siting Procedures for Noise Mitigation -- 8.7.1 Mapping -- 8.7.2 Review of State and Local Ordinances -- 8.7.3 Establish Setbacks -- 8.7.4 Public Communication -- 8.7.5 Compare Noise Potential of Various Turbine Models -- 8.7.6 Pre‐ and Postconstruction Noise Measurements -- 8.8 Shadow Flicker -- 8.9 Mitigation of Shadow Flicker -- 8.10 Electric and Magnetic Fields -- 8.11 Mitigating EMF Exposure from Wind Projects -- 8.12 Solid and Hazardous Wastes -- 8.13 Mitigation of Solid and Hazardous Waste Issues -- 8.14 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Environmental and Ecological Impacts of Wind Energy on Humans: Public and Workforce Safety Issues -- 9.1 Overview of Workforce and Public Safety Issues -- 9.2 Things Can Go Wrong Anytime Humans Are Involved (in any Industry) -- 9.3 Ice Shedding -- 9.4 Mitigating Ice Shedding Issues -- 9.5 Blade Throw -- 9.6 Mitigating Blade Throw Issues -- 9.7 Risk of Fire -- 9.8 Mitigating Risk of Fire -- 9.9 Lightning -- 9.10 Other Weather Emergencies: Hurricanes, Tornadoes, and Hail -- 9.11 The Impact of Wind Energy on Vehicular Traffic -- 9.12 Planning for and Addressing Transportation Issues -- 9.13 Electrical and Pipeline Safety: Height, Depth, and Location of Electric Lines -- 9.14 Other Wind Energy Industry Workforce Safety Issues -- 9.15 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 Wind Energy's Impact on Aviation, Radar, and Telecommunications -- 10.1 Impact of Wind Energy on Military and Civilian Aviation.

10.2 Regulatory Requirements and FAA Permitting Process.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.

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