Global Environmental Constitutionalism.

Cover -- Half-title -- Reviews -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Table of contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- PART I Evolution and existence of environmental constitutionalism -- 1 The nature of environmental constitutionalism -- The limitations of international law -- Domesticating environmental rights -- The value of constitutionalism -- The legitimacy of environmental constitutionalism -- The value of environmental constitutionalism -- 2 Textualizing environmental constitutionalism -- Likelihood of constitutional instantiation of environmental rights -- Substantive individual environmental rights to a quality environment -- Other substantive environmental rights -- Environmental duties and responsibilities -- State environmental duties and policies -- Procedural constitutional environmental rights -- Presumptions about enforcing constitutional environmental rights -- Part II Vindication and practices in environmental constitutionalism -- 3 Adjudicating environmental constitutionalism -- Challenges in adjudicating environmental rights -- Interpreting constitutional text -- Noun: environment -- Adjective: healthy, balanced or quality (environment) -- Object: right -- Subject: proper litigants -- Identifying breaches -- Costs and benefits -- Justiciability in environmental constitutionalism -- Independent environmental rights -- Dependent environmental rights -- Derivative environmental rights -- Dormant environmental rights -- 4 Enforcing environmental constitutionalism -- Standing: who can enforce constitutional environmental rights? -- Who is responsible? Identifying the appropriate defendant -- Timing: when is the right time to file a claim? -- Other unique procedural rules challenges -- Defenses and limitations -- 5 Identifying remedies and practices in environmental constitutionalism.

State obligations under the international law framework -- The range of remedies -- Preventing further environmental harm -- Injunctions -- Damages -- Compliance order -- Imprisonment -- Challenges to enforcement -- Part III Emergence and future of environmental constitutionalism -- 6 Water and environmental constitutionalism -- The uniqueness of water -- Manifesting constitutional recognition of rights to water -- Human and environmental rights to water -- Governmental control over water resources -- Adjudicating constitutional rights to water -- Vindicating human rights to water -- Vindicating environmental rights to water -- Hybridized human and environmental water rights -- Remedies, implementation, and enforcement -- 7 Subnational environmental constitutionalism -- The nature of subnational environmental constitutionalism -- Textual subnational environmental constitutionalism -- Judicial receptivity to subnational constitutional environmental rights -- Establishing standing and identifying parties -- Determining remedies -- Standards of review -- 8 Procedural environmental constitutionalism -- The nature of constitutional procedural environmental rights -- Textual procedural environmental rights -- Judicial receptivity to procedural environmental rights -- Enforcement and remedies -- 9 Emerging environmental constitutionalism -- Right of nature -- Nature as a constitutional feature -- Judicial receptivity -- Environmental sustainability -- Sustainable development -- Future generations -- Sustainable development" and "Future generations -- Judicial receptivity -- Public trust -- Climate change -- 10 Conclusion -- Appendices -- Appendix A: Substantive environmental rights -- Afghanistan -- Andorra -- Angola -- Argentina -- Armenia -- Azerbaijan -- Belarus -- Belgium -- Bénin -- Bolivia -- Brazil -- Bulgaria -- Burkina Faso -- Cameroon.

Cape Verde -- Central African Republic -- Chad, Republic of -- Chechnya -- Chile -- Colombia -- Congo-Brazzaville -- Congo, Democratic Republic of -- Costa Rica -- Czech Republic -- Dominican Republic -- East Timor -- Ecuador -- Egypt -- El Salvador -- Ethiopia -- France -- Gabon -- Georgia -- Greece -- Guinea -- Hungary -- Indonesia -- Iraq -- Ivory Coast -- Jamaica -- Kenya -- Kyrgyzstan -- Macedonia -- Madagascar -- Maldives -- Mali -- Moldova -- Mongolia -- Montenegro -- Morocco -- Mozambique -- Nepal -- Nicaragua -- Niger -- Norway -- Paraguay -- Portugal -- Russian Federation -- Rwanda -- Sao Tomé and Príncipe -- Senegal -- Serbia -- Seychelles -- Slovakia -- Slovenia -- South Africa -- South Korea -- South Sudan -- Spain -- Sudan -- Togo -- Turkey -- Turkmenistan -- Ukraine -- Venezuela -- Appendix B: Individual environmental duties and responsibilities -- Algeria -- Angola -- Armenia -- Belarus -- Bénin -- Burkina Faso -- Burundi -- Cameroon -- Cape Verde -- Chad, Republic of -- Chechnya -- Chile -- China -- Colombia -- Congo, Democratic Republic of -- Croatia -- Cuba -- Czech Republic -- Estonia -- Ethiopia -- Finland -- France -- Gambia, the -- Ghana -- Guatemala -- Guinea -- Haiti -- Hungary -- India -- Iran -- Ivory Coast -- Kazakhstan -- Kyrgyzstan -- Laos -- Lithuania -- Macedonia -- Madagascar -- Mali -- Moldova -- Mongolia -- Montenegro -- Mozambique -- Myanmar -- Niger -- Panama -- Papua New Guinea -- Poland -- Portugal -- Romania -- Russian Federation -- Rwanda -- Serbia -- sao tomé and príncipe -- Seychelles -- Slovakia -- Slovenia -- South Sudan -- Spain -- Sudan -- Syria -- Tajikistan -- Tanzania -- Thailand -- Uruguay -- Uzbekistan -- Vanuatu -- Vietnam -- Yemen -- Appendix C: State environmental duties -- Afghanistan -- Andorra -- Angola -- Armenia -- Bahrain -- Bangladesh -- Bénin -- Brazil -- Bulgaria -- Burundi -- Cambodia.

Cameroon -- Cape Verde -- Chad -- Chile -- China -- Colombia -- Congo, Democratic Republic of -- Costa Rica -- Croatia -- Cuba -- Czech Republic -- Dominican Republic -- East Timor -- Egypt -- El Salvador -- Equatorial Guinea -- Ethiopia -- Finland -- France -- Gambia, The -- Ghana -- Greece -- Guatemala -- Guinea -- Haiti -- Honduras -- Hungary -- India -- Indonesia -- Iran -- Iraq -- Kazakhstan -- Korea, Democratic People´s Republic of (North) -- Latvia -- Lithuania -- Luxembourg -- Macedonia -- Madagascar -- Malawi -- Maldives -- Mali -- Malta -- Mauritania -- Mexico -- Micronesia -- Mongolia -- Montenegro -- Morocco -- Mozambique -- Myanmar -- Namibia -- Netherlands, the -- Nicaragua -- Niger -- Nigeria -- Norway -- Oman -- Palau -- Palestine -- Panama -- Papua New Guinea -- Paraguay -- Philippines -- Poland -- Portugal -- Qatar -- Romania -- Russian Federation -- Rwanda -- San Marino -- Sao Tomé and Príncipe -- Saudi Arabia -- Serbia -- Seychelles -- Slovakia -- Slovenia -- South Korea -- South Sudan -- Spain -- Sri Lanka -- Sudan -- Suriname -- Sweden -- Switzerland -- Taiwan (Republic of China) -- Tajikistan -- Tanzania -- Thailand -- Togo -- Turkey -- Uganda -- United Arab Emirates -- Uzbekistan -- Venezuela -- Vietnam -- Yemen -- Zambia -- Appendix D: Environmental policy directives -- Algeria -- Armenia -- Austria -- Belize -- East Timor -- Ecuador -- Egypt -- France -- Greece -- Indonesia -- Italy -- Peru -- Syria -- Appendix E: Sustainable development, future generations, and public trust -- Sustainable development -- Belgium -- Bénin -- Bolivia -- Colombia -- Ecuador -- Eritrea -- Greece -- Montenegro -- Nepal -- Peru -- Poland -- Serbia -- Seychelles -- Somalia -- Sudan -- Switzerland -- Thailand -- Future generations -- Andorra -- Argentina -- Armenia -- Bolivia -- Brazil -- Burundi -- Germany -- Guyana -- Iran -- Kenya -- Lesotho.

Luxembourg -- Namibia -- Niger -- Norway -- Poland -- South Africa -- South Sudan -- Vanuatu -- Sustainable development and future generations -- Albania -- Angola -- Cuba -- Dominican Republic -- East Timor -- Eritrea -- France -- Georgia -- Guyana -- Malawi -- Maldives -- Mozambique -- Namibia -- Qatar -- South Sudan -- Sweden -- Zambia -- Public trust -- Ghana -- Tanzania -- Public trust and future generations -- Ethiopia -- Papua New Guinea -- Sustainable development, future generations and Public trust -- Bhutan -- Swaziland -- Uganda -- Appendix F: Miscellaneous constitutional environmental provisions -- Climate change -- Dominican Republic -- Limitations on waste disposal and hazardous activities -- Dominican Republic -- Ecuador -- Haiti, Republic of -- Hungary -- Namibia -- Niger -- Paraguay -- Provisions identifying responsibilities to nature -- Bangladesh -- Ecuador -- Germany -- Kuwait -- Lithuania -- Luxembourg -- Nigeria -- Sudan -- Syria -- Yemen -- Provisions pertaining to energy policy -- Brazil -- Dominican Republic -- Ecuador -- Limitations on property rights -- Australia -- Liberia, Republic of -- Mauritius -- Mongolia -- Relationship of environmental rights to other freedoms -- Chile -- Estonia -- Madagascar, Republic of -- Related provisions pertaining to health -- Comoros -- Croatia -- Guatemala -- Guinea-Bissau -- Honduras -- Requirements to consider environmental impacts -- Niger -- Requirements for environmental education -- France -- Subnational environmental policy -- Australia -- Bangkok -- Cape Verde -- Guatemala -- Hong Kong -- Switzerland -- Draft provisions -- Tunisia (December, 2012) -- Appendix G: Rights to water -- Environmental rights -- Andorra -- Cambodia -- Eritrea -- Guyana -- Kenya -- Laos -- Lithuania -- Nigeria -- Philippines -- Samoa -- South Korea -- Taiwan (Republic of China) -- Tajikistan -- Thailand.

Uganda.

Reflecting a global trend, scores of countries have affirmed that their citizens are entitled to healthy air, water and land, and that their constitution should guarantee environmental rights. This book examines the increasing recognition that the environment is a subject for protection in constitutional texts and for vindication by constitutional courts.

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