Getting Energy Prices Right : From Principle to Practice.

Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- 1 Summary for Policymakers -- 2 Energy Systems, Environmental Problems, and Current Fiscal Policy: A Quick Look -- Overview of Energy Systems -- Environmental Side Effects -- Fiscal Policies Currently Affecting Energy and Transportation -- 3 Rationale for, and Design of, Fiscal Policy to "Get Energy Prices Right" -- Policy Instrument Choice for Environmental Protection -- Further Design Issues -- Summary -- 4 Measuring Pollution Damage from Fuel Use -- CO2 Damage -- Local Air Pollution Damage -- Summary -- 5 Measuring Nonpollution Externalities from Motor Vehicles -- Congestion Costs -- Accident Costs -- Road Damage Costs -- Summary -- 6 The Right Energy Taxes and Their Impacts -- Corrective Tax Estimates -- Impacts -- Summary -- 7 Concluding Thoughts -- Glossary -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- Tables -- 4.1. Examples of Mortality Risk Valuations Used in Previous Government Studies -- 5.1. City-Level Travel Delays and Other Characteristics, Region Average, 1995 -- 5.2. Country-Level Travel Delays and Other Characteristics, Region Average, 2007 -- 5.3. Reviews of Empirical Literature on the Value of Travel Time (VOT) -- Figures -- 1.1. Corrective Fuel Taxes to Reflect Environmental Costs, Selected Countries, 2010 -- 1.2. Impacts of Fuel Tax Reform, Selected Countries, 2010 -- 2.1. Primary Energy Consumption per Capita, Selected Countries, 2010 -- 2.2. Electricity Consumption per Capita, Selected Countries, 2010 -- 2.3. Motor Vehicle Ownership Rates, Selected Countries, 2010 -- 2.4. Share of Final Energy Use by Fuel Type, Selected Countries, 2010.

2.5. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions per Capita, Selected Countries, 2010 -- 2.6. Urban Population, Selected Countries, 2010 -- 2.7. Projected Global Energy-Related CO2 Emissions -- 2.8. Projected Long-Term Warming above Pre-Industrial Temperatures from Stabilization at Different Greenhouse Gas Concentrations -- 2.9. Air Pollution Concentrations, Selected Countries, 2010 -- 2.10. Air Pollution Deaths by Region, 2010 -- 2.11. Vehicles and Road Capacity, Selected Countries, 2007 -- 2.12. Road Deaths, Selected Countries, 2010 -- 2.13. Revenue from Environment-Related Taxes as Percent of Total Revenue in OECD Countries, 2010 -- 2.14. Excise Tax Rates on Motor Fuels, 2010 -- 2.15. Subsidies for Fossil Fuel Energy by Region and Fuel Type, 2011 -- 3.1. Illustrated Sources of Fossil Fuel CO2 Reductions under Different Policies -- 3.3.1. Shape of the Air Pollution Damage Function -- 3.2. Price Experience in the European Union Emissions Trading System -- 3.3. Distributional Incidence of Energy Subsidies -- 4.1. Baseline Mortality Rates for Illnesses Whose Prevalence Is Aggravated by Pollution, Selected Regions, 2010 -- 4.2. Value of Mortality Risk, Selected Countries, 2010 -- 4.3. Damage from Coal Plant Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Emissions, Selected Countries, 2010 -- 4.4. Damage from Coal Plant Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Emissions, All Countries, 2010 -- 4.5. Damage from Ground-Level Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Emissions, Selected Countries, 2010 -- 4.6. Estimated SO2 Damage Relative to China Using the Intake Fraction Approach, 2010 -- 4.7. Estimated SO2 Damage Relative to China Using the TM5-FASST Model, 2010 -- 4.8. SO2 Emissions Rates at Coal Plants, 2010 -- 5.1. Value of Travel Time, Selected Countries, 2010 -- 5.2. Congestion Costs Imposed on Others per Car-Kilometer, Selected Countries, 2010 -- 5.3. Congestion Costs Imposed on Others per Car-Kilometer, All Countries, 2010.

5.4. External Accident Costs per Vehicle-Kilometer, Selected Countries, 2010 -- 5.5. External Accident Costs per Kilometer Driven, All Countries, 2010 -- 6.1. Corrective Coal Tax Estimates, Selected Countries, 2010 -- 6.2 Corrective Taxes for Air Pollution at Coal Plants with and without Control Technologies, Selected Countries, 2010 -- 6.3. Breakdown of Air Pollution Damages from Coal by Emissions Type, Selected Countries, 2010 -- 6.4. Corrective Coal Tax Estimates, All Countries, 2010 -- 6.5. Corrective Coal Tax Estimates with Uniform Mortality Values, Selected Countries, 2010 -- 6.6. Corrective Natural Gas Tax Estimates for Power Plants, Selected Countries, 2010 -- 6.7. Corrective Natural Gas Tax Estimates for Power Plants, All Countries, 2010 -- 6.8. Corrective Gasoline Tax Estimates, Selected Countries, 2010 -- 6.9. Corrective Gasoline Tax Estimates, All Countries, 2010 -- 6.10. Corrective Diesel Tax Estimates, Selected Countries, 2010 -- 6.11. Potential Revenue from Corrective Fuel Taxes, Selected Countries, 2010 -- 6.12. Reduction in Pollution-Related Deaths from Corrective Fuel Taxes, Selected Countries, 2010 -- 6.13. Reduction in Energy-Related CO2 Emissions from Corrective Fuel Taxes, Selected Countries, 2010 -- Boxes -- 2.1. Broader Environmental Effects beyond the Study Scope -- 3.1. Environmental Effectiveness of Alternative Instruments: Further Examples -- 3.2. Defining Economic Costs -- 3.3. Shape of the Air Pollution Damage Function -- 3.4. Coverage of Energy Products under the Value-Added Tax (VAT) -- 3.5. Environmental Tax Shifting in Practice -- 3.6. Unintended Consequences and Market Price Distortions -- 3.7. Examples of Distance-Based Charging for Vehicles -- 3.8. Reconciling Fiscal and Environmental Objectives in Vehicle Taxation -- 3.9. Pay-as-You-Drive Auto Insurance -- 3.10. The Energy Paradox Controversy.

4.1. Intake Fractions: Some Technicalities -- 4.2. The Human Capital Approach -- 4.3. Determinants Other than Income of Mortality Risk Valuation -- 4.4. Emissions Factors from the GAINS Model -- 5.1. Broader Costs of Congestion -- Annex Tables -- 4.1.1. Country Classifications for Baseline, Pollution-Related Mortality Rates -- 4.2.1. Damage from Local Air Pollution, All Countries, /ton of Emissions, 2010 -- 5.2.1. Cities in the City-Level Database (Used to Extrapolate Congestion Costs) -- 5.3.1. Regression Results for City-Level Average Delay -- 5.3.2. Regression Results for Kilometers Driven per Car -- 5.4.1. Ratio of Congestion Cost with Multiple Vehicles Relative to Costs when Cars are the Only Vehicle -- 6.2.1. Corrective Fuel Tax Estimates, All Countries, 2010 -- 6.2.2. Fiscal Impacts of Tax Reform, All Countries, 2010 -- 6.2.3. Health and Environmental Impacts of Tax Reform, All Countries, 2010 -- 6.2.4. Estimates of Current Fuel Excise Taxes, All Countries, 2010.

Energy taxes can produce substantial environmental and revenue benefits and are an important component of countries’ fiscal systems. Although the principle that these taxes should reflect global warming, air pollution, road congestion, and other adverse environmental impacts of energy use is well established, there has been little previous work providing guidance on how countries can put this principle into practice. This book develops a practical methodology, and associated tools, to show how the major environmental damages from energy can be quantified for different countries and used to design the efficient set of energy taxes. The results, which are illustrated for more than 150 countries, suggest there is pervasive mispricing of energy across developed and developing countries alike with much at stake in policy reform. At a global level, implementing efficient energy prices would reduce carbon emissions by an estimated 23 percent and fossil-fuel air pollution deaths by 63 percent, while raising revenues (badly needed for fiscal consolidation and reducing other burdensome taxes) averaging 2.6 percent of GDP.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.