Environmental Process Analysis : Principles and Modeling.

Intro -- Environmental Process Analysis: Principles and Modeling -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 Introductory Remarks -- 1.1 Perspective -- 1.2 Organization and Objectives -- 1.2.1 Water -- 1.2.2 Concentration Units -- 1.2.3 Chemical Equilibria and the Law of Mass Action -- 1.2.4 Henry's Law -- 1.2.5 Acids and Bases -- 1.2.6 Mixing -- 1.2.7 Reactions in Ideal Reactors -- 1.2.8 Nonideal Reactors -- 1.2.9 Acids and Bases: Advanced Principles -- 1.2.10 Metal Complexation and Solubility -- 1.2.11 Oxidation and Reduction -- 1.3 Approach -- Chapter 2 Water -- 2.1 Perspective -- 2.2 Important Properties of Water -- Chapter 3 Concentration Units for Gases, Liquids, and Solids -- 3.1 Selected Concentration Units -- 3.2 The Ideal Gas Law and Gas Phase Concentration Units -- 3.3 Aqueous Concentration Units -- 3.4 Applications of Volume Fraction Units -- Problems -- Chapter 4 The Law of Mass Action and Chemical Equilibria -- 4.1 Perspective -- 4.2 The Law of Mass Action -- 4.3 Gas/Water Distributions -- 4.4 Acid/Base Systems -- 4.5 Metal Complexation Systems -- 4.6 Water/Solid Systems (Solubility/Dissolution) -- 4.7 Oxidation/Reduction Half Reactions -- Chapter 5 Air/Water Distribution: Henry's Law -- 5.1 Perspective -- 5.2 Henry's Law Constants -- 5.3 Applications of Henry's Law -- Chapter 6 Acid/Base Component Distributions -- 6.1 Perspective -- 6.2 Proton Abundance in Aqueous Solutions: pH  and the Ion Product of Water -- 6.3 Acid Dissociation Constants -- 6.4 Mole Accounting Relations -- 6.5 Combination of Mole Balance and Acid/Base Equilibria -- 6.5.1 Monoprotic Acids -- 6.5.2 Diprotic Acids -- 6.5.3 Triprotic and Tetraprotic Acids -- 6.5.4 Abundance (Ionization) Fractions -- 6.6 Alkalinity, Acidity, and the Carbonate System -- 6.6.1 the alkalinity test: carbonate system abundance and speciation -- 6.6.2 Acidity.

6.7 Applications of Acid/Base Principles in Selected Environmental Contexts -- 6.7.1 Monoprotic Acids -- 6.7.2 Multiprotic Acids -- Chapter 7 Mass Balance, Ideal Reactors, and Mixing -- 7.1 Perspective -- 7.2 The Mass Balance -- 7.3 Residence Time Distribution (RTD) Analyses -- 7.3.1 RTD Experimental Apparatus -- 7.3.2 Tracers -- 7.3.3 Tracer Input Stimuli -- 7.4 Exit Responses for Ideal Reactors -- 7.4.1 The Ideal Plug-Flow Reactor (PFR) -- 7.4.2 The Ideal Completely Mixed Flow Reactor (CMFR) -- 7.4.3 The Ideal (Completely Mixed) Batch Reactor (CMBR) -- 7.5 Modeling of Mixing in Ideal CMFRs -- 7.5.1 Zero-Volume Applications -- 7.5.2 Time-Dependent Mixing -- 7.6 Applications of CMFR Mixing Principles in Environmental Systems -- Chapter 8 Reactions in Ideal Reactors -- 8.1 Perspective -- 8.2 Chemical Stoichiometry and Mass/Volume Relations -- 8.2.1 Stoichiometry and Overall Reaction Rates -- 8.2.2 Some Useful Mass, Volume, and Density Relations -- 8.2.3 Applications of Stoichiometry and Bulk Density Relations -- 8.3 Reactions in Ideal Reactors -- 8.3.1 Reaction Rate Laws -- 8.3.2 Reactions in Completely Mixed Batch Reactors -- 8.3.3 Reactions in Plug-Flow Reactors -- 8.3.4 Reactions in Completely Mixed Flow Reactors -- 8.3.5 Unsteady-State Applications of Reactions in Ideal Reactors -- 8.4 Applications of Reactions in Ideal Reactors -- 8.4.1 Batch Reactor Systems -- 8.4.2 Plug-Flow Reactor Systems -- 8.4.3 Completely Mixed Flow Reactor Systems -- 8.4.4 Some Context-Specific Advanced Applications -- 8.5 Interfacial Mass Transfer in Ideal Reactors -- 8.5.1 Convective and Diffusive Flux -- 8.5.2 Mass Transfer Coefficients -- 8.5.3 Some Special Applications of Mass Transfer in Ideal Reactors -- Problems -- Chapter 9 Reactions in Nonideal Reactors -- 9.1 Perspective -- 9.2 Exit Concentration Versus Time Traces -- 9.2.1 Impulse Stimulus.

9.2.2 Positive Step Stimulus -- 9.3 Residence Time Distribution Density -- 9.3.1 E (t) Curve and Quantitation of Tracer Mass -- 9.3.2 E (t) and E (q) RTD Density Curves -- 9.4 Cumulative Residence Time Distributions -- 9.5 Characterization of RTD Distributions -- 9.5.1 Mean and Variance from RTD Density -- 9.5.2 Mean and Variance from Cumulative RTD -- 9.6 Models for Addressing Longitudinal Dispersion in Reactors -- 9.6.1 CMFRs (Tanks) in Series (TiS) Model -- 9.6.2 Plug-Flow with Dispersion (PFD) Model -- 9.6.3 Segregated Flow ( SF) Model -- 9.7 Modeling Reactions in CMFRs in Series (TiS) Reactors -- 9.7.1 Pseudo-First-Order Reaction Rate Law in TiS Reactors / 280 -- 9.7.2 Saturation Reaction Rate Law with the TiS Model -- 9.8 Modeling Reactions with the Plug-Flow with Dispersion Model -- 9.8.1 Pseudo-First-Order Reaction Rate Law with the PFD Model -- 9.8.2 Saturation Rate Law with the PFD Model -- 9.9 Modeling Reactions Using the Segregated Flow (SF) Model -- 9.10 Applications of Nonideal Reactor Models -- 9.10.1 Translation of RTD Data for Use with Nonideal Models -- 9.10.2 Modeling Pseudo-First-Order Reactions -- 9.10.3 Modeling Saturation-Type Reactions with the TiS and SF Models -- 9.11 Considerations for Analyses of Spatially Variant Processes -- 9.11.1 Internal Concentration Profiles in Real Reactors -- 9.11.2 Oxygen Consumption in PFR -Like Reactors -- 9.12 Modeling Utilization and Growth in PFR -Like Reactors Using TiS and SF -- Chapter 10 Acid-Base Advanced Principles -- 10.1 Perspective -- 10.2 Activity Coefficient -- 10.2.1 Computing Activity Coefficients -- 10.2.2 Activity Coefficient and Law of Mass Action -- 10.3 Temperature Dependence of Equilibrium Constants -- 10.3.1 Standard State Gibbs Energy of Reaction -- 10.3.2 Temperature Corrections for Equilibrium Constants -- 10.4 Nonideal Conjugate Acid/Conjugate Base Distributions.

10.5 The Proton Balance (Proton Condition) -- 10.5.1 The Reference Conditions and Species -- 10.5.2 The Proton Balance Equation -- 10.5.3 The Reference and Initial Conditions for the Proton Balance -- 10.6 Analyses of Solutions Prepared by Addition of Acids, Bases, and Salts to Water -- 10.6.1 Additions to Freshly Distilled Water (FDW) -- 10.6.2 Dissolution of a Weak Acid in Water -- 10.6.3 Dissolution of a Basic Salt in Water -- 10.6.4 A Few Words about the Charge Balance -- 10.7 Analysis of Mixed Aqueous Solutions -- 10.7.1 Mixing Computations with Major Ions -- 10.7.2 Final Solution Composition for Mixing of Two or More Solutions -- 10.8 Acid and Base Neutralizing Capacity -- 10.8.1 ANC and BNC of closed systems -- 10.8.2 ANC and BNC of Open Systems -- 10.8.3 ANC and BNC of Semi-Open Systems -- 10.9 Activity Versus Concentration for Nonelectrolytes -- 10.9.1 The Setschenow Equation -- 10.9.2 Definitions of Salt Abundance -- 10.9.3 Activity of Water in Salt Solutions -- Problems -- Chapter 11 Metal Complexation and Solubility -- 11.1 Perspective -- 11.2 Hydration of Metal Ions -- 11.3 Cumulative Formation Constants -- 11.3.1 Deprotonation of Metal/Water Complexes -- 11.3.2 Metal Ion Hydrolysis (Formation) Reactions -- 11.3.3 Cumulative Hydrolysis (Formation) Reactions -- 11.3.4 The Cumulative Formation Constant for Metal/Ligand Complexes -- 11.4 Formation Equilibria for Solids -- 11.5 Speciation of Metals in Aqueous Solutions Containing Ligands -- 11.5.1 Metal Hydroxide Systems -- 11.5.2 Metals with Multiple Ligands -- 11.6 Metal Hydroxide Solubility -- 11.6.1 Solubility in Dilute Solution -- 11.6.2 Solubility in the Presence of Ligands other than Hydroxide -- 11.7 Solubility of Metal Carbonates -- 11.7.1 Calcium Carbonate Solubility -- 11.7.2 Solubility of Metal Carbonates-the Controlling Solid Phase -- 11.7.3 Solubility of Phosphates.

11.8 Solubility of Other Metal-Ligand Solids -- Problems -- Chapter 12 Oxidation and Reduction -- 12.1 Perspective -- 12.2 Redox Half Reactions -- 12.2.1 Assigning Oxidation States -- 12.2.2 Writing Half Reactions -- 12.2.3 Adding Half Reactions -- 12.2.4 Equilibrium Constants for Redox Half Reactions -- 12.3 The Nernst Equation -- 12.4 Electron Availability in Environmental Systems -- 12.4.1 pE - pH (EH -pH) Predominance Diagrams -- 12.4.2 Effect of pE on Redox Couple Speciation -- 12.4.3 Determining System pE -- 12.4.4 Speciation Using Electron Availability -- Problems -- Appendices -- References -- Index.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.