EW 105 : Space Electronic Warfare.

EW 105: SPACE ELECTRONIC WARFARE -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 ORBITAL RELATIONSHIPS -- 1.2 BOOK FLOW -- 1.3 HISTORY OF SIGNAL INTELLIGENCE SATELLITE PROGRAMS -- 1.4 A NOTE ABOUT ORBITAL CALCULATIONS IN THIS BOOK -- 2 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY -- 2.1 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY -- 2.1.1 The Law of Sines -- 2.1.2 The Law of Cosines for Sides -- 2.1.3 The Law of Cosines for Angles -- 2.1.4 Right Plane Triangle -- 2.2 THE SPHERICAL TRIANGLE -- 2.3 TRIGONOMETRIC RELATIONSHIPS IN ANY SPHERICAL TRIANGLE -- 2.3.1 Law of Sines for Spherical Triangles -- 2.3.2 Law of Cosines for Sides -- 2.3.3 Law of Cosines for Angles -- 2.3.4 The Right Spherical Triangle -- 2.3.5 Napier's Rules -- 2.4 EXAMPLES OF PLANE AND SPHERICAL TRIANGLES USED IN PROBLEMS -- 3 ORBIT MECHANICS -- 3.1 ELEMENTS OF AN ELLIPTICAL ORBIT -- 3.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SIZE OF AND ITS PERIOD -- 3.3 SVP -- 3.4 AN EARTH SURFACE LOCATION -- 3.5 THE PROPAGATION DISTANCE -- 3.6 EARTH TRACES -- 3.6.1 Satellite Earth Trace -- 3.6.2 Polar Orbit Earth Traces -- 3.6.3 Synchronous Satellite Earth Traces -- 3.7 LOCATION OF AN EW THREAT -- 3.7.1 Calculating the Look Angles -- 3.7.2 Calculating the Azimuth to the Threat -- 3.7.3 Calculating Range and Elevation to the Threat Location -- 3.8 CALCULATING THE DISTANCE TO THE HORIZON -- 3.8.1 Horizon Distances for Circular Orbits -- 4 RADIO PROPAGATION -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 ONE-WAY LINK -- 4.3 PROPAGATION LOSS MODELS -- 4.3.1 LOS Propagation -- 4.3.2 Two-Ray Propagation -- 4.3.3 Minimum Antenna Height for Two-Ray Propagation -- 4.3.4 A Note about Very Low Antennas -- 4.3.5 Fresnel Zone -- 4.3.6 Complex Reflection Environment -- 4.3.7 KED -- 4.3.8 Atmospheric Loss -- 4.3.9 Rain and Fog Attenuation -- 5 RADIO PROPAGATION IN SPACE -- 5.1 LOS LOSS -- 5.1.1 Atmospheric Loss -- 5.2 ANTENNA MISALIGNMENT -- 5.3 POLARIZATION LOSS -- 5.4 RAIN LOSS.

6 SATELLITE LINKS -- 6.1 LINK GEOMETRY -- 6.1.1 Looking Down -- 6.1.2 Plug in Some Orbit Numbers -- 6.1.3 Looking Up -- 6.2 UPLINKS -- 6.2.1 Command Links -- 6.2.2 Intercept Links -- 6.3 DOWNLINKS -- 6.3.1 Telemetry Link -- 6.3.2 Data Link -- 6.3.3 Links to Data Users -- 6.3.4 Jamming Links -- 6.4 HOSTILE LINKS -- 7 LINK VULNERABILITY TO EW -- 7.1 SATELLITE VULNERABILITY -- 7.1.1 Space-Related Link Losses -- 7.1.2 Intercept -- 7.1.3 Spoofing -- 7.1.4 Jamming -- 7.1.5 Problems Worked in This Chapter -- 7.2 DOWNLINK INTERCEPT -- 7.2.1 Geocentric Angle from the Satellite to the Intercept Site -- 7.2.2 Range from the Satellite to the Intercept Site -- 7.2.3 Is the Satellite Above the Horizon from the Intercept Site? -- 7.2.4 How Strong Is the Downlink Signal at the Intercept Site -- 7.2.5 Intercept with Directional Antennas -- 7.2.6 Angles Relative to the Ground Control Station -- 7.2.7 Angles Relative to the Hostile Intercept Site -- 7.2.8 Received Signal at the Intercept Site -- 7.2.9 What Is the Quality of the Intercept Signal? -- 7.3 INTERCEPTING UPLINKS -- 7.4 JAMMING DOWNLINKS -- 7.4.1 The Satellite Downlink -- 7.4.2 The Jammer Link -- 7.4.3 The J/S Formula -- 7.5 JAMMING SATELLITE UPLINKS -- 7.5.1 The Jamming Link -- 7.5.2 Jamming Link Loss -- 7.5.3 Gain of 4-m Jamming Antenna at 5 GHz -- 7.5.4 Jammer ERP -- 7.5.5 The Satellite Uplink -- 7.5.6 Gain of 2-m Uplink Transmitter Antenna -- 7.5.7 Uplink ERP -- 7.5.8 Uplink Loss -- 7.5.9 Gain and Bandwidth of the Uplink Reciving Antenna on the Satellite -- 7.5.10 Antenna 3-dB Beamwidth -- 7.5.11 Offset of the Jammer from the Downlink Receiving Antenna -- 7.5.12 The J/S -- 7.6 ELECTRONIC PROTECTION OF SATELLITE LINKS -- 7.6.1 Attacks on Links -- 7.6.2 Protection Against Jamming -- 8 DURATION AND FREQUENCY OF OBSERVATIONS -- 8.1 CALCULATING THE DISTANCE TO THE HORIZON.

8.2 HORIZON DISTANCES FOR CIRCULAR ORBITS -- 8.3 CALCULATING THE DURATION OF TARGET AVAILABILITY FROM A SATELLITE -- 8.3.1 Geocentric Viewing Angle -- 8.3.2 Time During Which a Satellite Can See a Point on the Earth -- 8.3.3 The Impact of the Movement of the Earth -- 8.3.4 Viewing Time Formula -- 8.4 DOPPLER SHIFT IN SATELLITE LINK -- 8.4.1 Doppler Shift Formula -- 8.4.2 Receiving Site Velocity -- 8.4.3 Satellite Velocity -- 8.4.4 General Formula for Maximum Doppler Shift -- 8.4.5 General Formula for the Doppler Shift -- 9 INTERCEPT FROM SPACE -- 9.1 INTERCEPT OF RADAR SIGNAL FROM LOW-EARTH SATELLITE -- 9.1.1 Link Loss -- 9.1.2 LOS Loss -- 9.1.3 Atmospheric and Rain Loss -- 9.1.4 Can the Satellite Payload Receive the Signal? -- 9.1.5 Receiver Sensitivity -- 9.1.6 Link Margin -- 9.1.7 Could the Satellite Receive the Signal from Its Horizon? -- 9.1.8 How Long Will the Satellite See the Signal? -- 9.2 HORIZON PLOT ON THE EARTH -- 9.3 INTERCEPT OF THE EARTH SURFACE TARGET USING A NARROW-BEAM RECEIVING ANTENNA -- 9.3.1 Antenna Pointing -- 9.3.2 Intercept Link Equation -- 9.3.3 Link Losses -- 9.3.4 Intercept from the Horizon -- 9.4 INTERCEPT FROM THE SYNCHRONOUS SATELLITE -- 9.4.1 With the Satellite on the Horizon -- 9.4.2 With the Satellite Directly Overhead -- 10 JAMMING FROM SPACE -- 10.1 JAMMING OF A GROUND SIGNAL FROM A SATELLITE -- 10.2 JAMMING FROM A SATELLITE -- 10.3 JAMMING OF A COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK -- 10.3.1 The Network -- 10.3.2 Link Equations -- 10.3.3 J/S -- 10.4 JAMMING A MICROWAVE DIGITAL DATA LINK -- 10.5 JAMMING OF A GROUND RADAR FROM SPACE -- 10.5.1 Radar Jamming from a Satellite -- 10.5.2 The Jammed Radar and Its Target -- 10.5.3 The Jammer -- 10.5.4 The Jamming Equation -- 10.5.5 The Jamming Adequacy -- 10.5.6 Protecting an Asset with Low Radar Cross-Section -- 10.5.7 Duration of Jamming -- A FORMULAS FROM SIGNAL INTELLIGENCE AND EW.

A.1 INTERCEPT FORMULAS -- A.1.1 Successful Intercept -- A.1.2 The Intercept Link Equation -- A.1.3 Received Signal Quality -- A.2 COMMUNICATION JAMMING -- A.2.1 Successful Communications Jamming -- A.2.2 Communications J/S -- A.2.3 Communications EP -- A.3 RADAR JAMMING -- A.3.1 Successful Radar Jamming -- A.3.2 Self-Protection Jamming -- A.3.3 Stand-Off Jamming -- A.3.4 Required J/S -- A.3.5 Radar EP -- B IMPORTANT NUMBERS FOR SPACE EW -- C DECIBEL MATH -- C.1 DECIBEL NUMBERS -- C.2 CONVERSION TO DECIBEL FORM -- C.3 ABSOLUTE VALUES IN DECIBEL FORM -- C.4 DECIBEL FORMS OF EQUATIONS -- C.5 QUICK CONVERSIONS TO DECIBEL VALUES -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- ABOUT THE AUTHOR -- INDEX.

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