Getting to Work : Unlocking Women's Potential in Sri Lanka's Labor Force.

Front Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Executive Summary -- Chapter 1 Study Background, Motivation, and Approach -- Introduction -- Conceptual Framework for Examining Women's Labor Market Outcomes in Sri Lanka -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 Summary of Descriptive Data on Labor Market Outcomes: Demographic Changes over Time -- Gender Gaps in Labor Force Participation by Residential Sector, Age, District, and Ethnicity -- Gender Gaps in LFP by Household Income Level, Poverty, and Migration -- Gender Gaps in LFP Are Rising at All but the Highest Education Levels -- Gender Gaps in Unemployment, Wages, and Employment Type -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 Hypothesis Testing: All Explanations for Women's Poor Outcomes Are Still Supported -- Household and Family Roles and Mobility Constraints Still Penalize Women in Labor Markets, Especially Women with Young Children -- Skills Mismatch and Occupational Segregation -- Gender Bias and Discrimination -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 Conclusion and Way Forward: General Recommendations -- Summary -- General Recommendations (Cross-Sectoral) -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 Findings and Recommended Good Practices for Five Private Sector Industries -- Information and Communication Technology -- Tea Estates -- Tourism -- Garments -- Commercial Agriculture -- Notes -- References -- Appendix A Sri Lanka: Country Gender Profile -- Appendix B Data and Methods -- Appendix C Full Regression Results from Secondary Data Analysis of Labor Market Outcomes -- Appendix D Descriptive Statistics from Primary Data Analysis -- Appendix E Key Informant Interviews -- Figures -- Figure 1.1 Labor Force Participation, by Country -- Figure 1.2 Female Labor Force Participation, by Select Country, Economic Status, and Region, 1993-2017 -- Figure 1.3 Conceptual Framework.

Figure 2.1 Labor Force Participation, by Age and Gender, 2009 and 2015 -- Figure 2.2 Labor Force Participation, by Gender and Residential Sector, 2006-15 -- Figure 2.3 Labor Force Participation, by Gender and Ethnicity, 2009 and 2015 -- Figure 2.4 Labor Force Participation, by Education and Gender, 2009 and 2015 -- Figure 2.5 Unemployment, by Age and Gender, 2015 -- Figure 2.6 Unemployment, by Education Level and Gender, 2015 -- Figure 3.1 Reasons for Not Working Last Week -- Figure 3.2 Perceptions and Knowledge of Childcare Facilities -- Figure 3.3 Social Acceptability of Long-Distance Commuting and Migration for Unmarried Men and Women -- Figure 3.4 Social Acceptability of Long-Distance Commuting and Migration for Married Men and Women -- Figure 3.5 Gender Differences in Skill Level, by Education, 2015 -- Figure 3.6 Gender Differences in Skill Level, by Education, 2009 -- Figure 3.7 Workers' Perceptions: Most Important Characteristics Employers Seek in New Hires -- Figure 3.8 Employers' Expectations: Most Important Characteristics of Male and Female Workers -- Figure 3.9 Vocational Education and Apprenticeship -- Figure 3.10 Perceptions of Gender Discrimination in the Job Market Despite Similar Levels of Education -- Figure 3.11 Worker Perceptions of Industry Prospects -- Figure 3.12 Percentage of Workers Who Believe That Employers Prefer Men, by Skill Level and Sex -- Figure 3.13 Labor Market Tightness and the Hiring of Female Workers -- Figure A.1 Gender Inequality Index, 2018 -- Figure A.2 Active Microfinance Borrowers, by South Asian Country -- Maps -- Map 2.1 Labor Force Participation Rate, by District -- Map 2.2 Poverty Head Count Ratio (HCR) and FLFP, by District -- Map 2.3 FLFP and Domestic -- Map 2.4 FLFP and International -- Tables -- Table 2.1 Labor Force Participation, by Consumption Decile, 2009-10.

Table 2.2 Labor Force Participation, by Consumption Decile, 2012-13 -- Table 4.1 Summary of Recommended Interventions (Cross-Sectoral) -- Table A.1 Human Development Indicators of Gender Equality: Sri Lanka Compared with South Asia and Upper-Middle-Income Country Averages -- Table A.2 Key Health and Nutrition Indicators by Sex -- Table A.3 Key Education Indicators by Sex -- Table A.4 Key Economic Opportunity Indicators by Sex -- Table A.5 Key Voice and Agency Indicators by Sex -- Table C.1 Labor Force Participation Regressions, 2015 -- Table C.2 Labor Force Participation Regressions, 2013 -- Table C.3 Labor Force Participation Regressions, 2011 -- Table C.4 Labor Force Participation Regressions, 2009, Excluding Northern Province -- Table C.5 Labor Force Participation Regressions, 2006, Excluding Northern and Eastern Provinces -- Table C.6 Mincer Earnings Regression, 2015: OLS and Heckman Selection Maximum Likelihood Estimates -- Table C.7 Mincer Earnings Regression, 2013: OLS and Heckman Selection Maximum Likelihood Estimates -- Table C.8 Mincer Earnings Regression, 2011: OLS and Heckman Selection Maximum Likelihood Estimates -- Table C.9 Mincer Earnings Regression, 2009, Excluding Northern Province: OLS and Heckman Selection Maximum Likelihood Estimates -- Table C.10 Mincer Earnings Regression, 2006, Excluding Northern and Eastern Provinces: OLS and Heckman Selection Maximum Likelihood Estimates -- Table C.11 Unemployment Regressions, 2015, Selection Corrected -- Table C.12 Unemployment Regressions, 2009, Excluding Northern Province, Selection Corrected -- Table C.13 Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition of Labor Force Participation -- Table C.14 Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition of Labor Force Participation, Excluding Northern and Eastern Provinces -- Table C.15 Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition of Log Earnings.

Table C.16 Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition of Log Earnings, Excluding Northern and Eastern Provinces -- Table C.17 Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition of Log Earnings by Employment Category, 2015 -- Table C.18 Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition of Log Earnings by Employment Category, 2013 -- Table C.19 Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition of Log Earnings by Employment Category, 2011 -- Table C.20 Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition of Log Earnings by Employment Category, Exluding Northern Province, 2009 -- Table C.21 Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition of Log Earnings by Employment Category, Excluding Northern and Eastern Provinces, 2006 -- Table D.1 Characteristics of Workers (% of Workers) -- Table D.2 Characteristics of Worker Households (% of Households) -- Table D.3 Characteristics of All Individuals (Worker and Nonworker, %) -- Table D.4 Characteristics of All Households (% of Households) -- Table D.5 Characteristics of Employers (% of Employers).

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