The NP-Strategy for Expressing Reciprocity : Typology, History, Syntax and Semantics.

Intro -- The NP-strategy for Expressing Reciprocity -- Editorial page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Table of contents -- Symbols and abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Studying reciprocity -- 2. The NP-strategy for expressing reciprocity: Typology, history, syntax and semantics -- 3. The literature on reciprocal constructions -- 4. A methodology for constructing a typology for reciprocal constructions -- 5. The methodology in practice: The NP-strategy for expressing reciprocity -- 6. The semantics of the NP-strategy for expressing reciprocity - preliminary observations -- 7. Building theoretical bridges between historical linguistics and formal semantics -- 7.1 Background -- 7.2 Working hypothesis -- 8. The scope and goals of the book -- 8.1 The topics -- 8.2 The languages -- 9. The structure of the book and the intended audience -- 1. The types of constructions and their origin -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Types of NP-strategy constructions for expressing reciprocity in Semitic languages -- 1.3 Two-unit constructions: Origin and semantics -- 1.3.1 Two-unit constructions: A nominal construction -- 1.3.2 Two-unit constructions: Pronominal constructions -- 1.3.2.1 Constructions with a repetition of anaphoric pronouns -- 1.3.2.2 Quantificational constructions -- 1.3.2.3 Repetition of semantically bleached nouns -- 1.4 A compositional explanation for the origin of the NP-strategy constructions -- 1.5 Conclusions -- 2. The diachronic development from a two-unit to a one-unit construction -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Previous proposals for the emergence of the one-unit construction -- 2.3 Syntactic differences between the one- and the two-unit construction -- 2.4 The diachronic development within the NP-strategy -- 2.4.1 Stage I -- 2.4.2 Stage II -- 2.4.3 Stage III -- 2.4.3.1 The basic changes -- 2.4.3.2 Univerbation.

2.4.3.3 Insertion of an agreement marker -- 2.4.3.4 A change of grammatical case -- 2.5 An interim summary and the significance of the observations -- 2.6 From one- to two-unit constructions -- 2.7 Conclusions and extrapolations -- 2.7.1 Diachronic developments, syntax and semantics -- 2.7.2 The nature of the change from two- to one-unit constructions -- 2.7.3 Future typological study -- 3. Relics as a syntactic category: Modern Hebrew and Italian constructions as frozen formulae -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Modern Hebrew and Modern Italian constructions -- 3.3 The syntax of the one-unit construction in Modern Hebrew (and Modern Italian) -- 3.4 Interim summary -- 3.5 In real time: A diachronic development in Modern Hebrew -- 3.6 Conclusions -- 4. Heterogeneity: Languages with more than one NP-Strategy construction -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Various approaches to account for heterogeneity -- 4.3 Part 1: The range of NP-strategy constructions in Early and Late Hebrew -- 4.3.1 The relation between Early and Late Hebrew -- 4.3.2 NP-strategy in Biblical Hebrew -- 4.3.3 NP-strategy in Mishnaic Hebrew -- 4.3.3.1 The constructions -- 4.3.3.2 The origin of the Mishnaic construction -- 4.3.4 The functions of the Biblical and Mishnaic constructions -- 4.3.5 Another type of heterogeneity in Mishnaic Hebrew -- 4.4 Part 2: Heterogeneity in Modern Hebrew -- 4.4.1 Introduction -- 4.4.2 The origin of the Modern Hebrew constructions -- 4.4.3 The availability of the two-unit construction in Modern Hebrew -- 4.4.4 A mixed-gender antecedent -- 4.4.5 Semantic agreement with plural subjects -- 4.5 Summary and concluding remarks -- 5. Changing meaning of the NP-strategy constructions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 One-unit anaphors and adverbs -- 5.2.1 The adverbial strategy for expressing reciprocity -- 5.2.2 Defining the adverbial strategy for expressing reciprocity.

5.3 The Akkadian expression 'ah̬āmiš' -- 5.3.1 'ah̬āmiš' as an anaphor -- 5.3.2 A putative shift: 'One-unit anaphor' &gt -- 'adverb' -- 5.4 Strategies for encoding reciprocity versus collective, sociative and comitative expressions -- 5.4.1 Collective, sociative and comitative expressions -- 5.4.2 Shifts in meaning between the conceptual categories of reciprocity and sociativity -- 5.5 The origin of the Akkadian one-unit anaphor 'ah̬āmiš' -- 5.6 Summary and discussion of formal analyses of changes in meaning -- 5.7 Appendix: An observation found in an ancient text on the grammatical relationship between the reciprocal and the sociative domains -- 6. A comparative linguistics study of NP-strategy constructions -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 A brief history of Aramaic -- 6.3 NP-strategy constructions in the history of Aramaic -- 6.4 Linking Eastern Neo-Aramaic NP-strategy constructions with their Late Aramaic forebears -- 6.4.1 Two types of constructions preserved from late Aramaic -- 6.4.2 Derivatives of the Late-Aramaic one-unit constructions/anaphors -- 6.4.3 NENA forms deriving from unattested morphemes -- 6.4.4 The emergence of a new one-unit anaphor -- 6.5 Concluding notes -- 7. The basic meaning of the NP-strategy for expressing reciprocity -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Structure and meaning -- 7.3 Previous scholarship -- 7.4 The Strongest Meaning Hypothesis -- 7.5 The Modal Hypothesis -- 7.6 Non-reciprocal readings of NP-strategy constructions for expressing reciprocity -- 7.7 Unspecified constructions -- 7.7.1 A weak interpretation as the basic meaning -- 7.7.2 NP-strategy constructions under negation -- 7.7.3 Support from diachronic evidence -- 7.8 The indifference implicature -- 7.9 An additional type of implied meaning -- 7.10 Summary -- 8. Specifying the meaning of the NP-strategy through context -- 8.1 Introduction.

8.2 The role of context in interpretation -- 8.3 Hypothesis: Consistency with relevant descriptions of events in causal relations (CRDECR) -- 8.3.1 Identifying the causal relations for a given context -- 8.3.2 Inducing alternatives -- 8.3.3 Broader issues germane to the current analysis -- 8.4 The NP-strategy with focus-sensitive particles -- 8.5 The indifference implicature within CRDECR -- 8.6 Two clarifications -- 8.6.1 Sentences out of context -- 8.6.2 Contextual contradictions -- 8.7 Summary -- References -- Language index -- Subject index.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.