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Chitin and Chitosan : Properties and Applications.

By: Contributor(s): Material type: TextTextSeries: Wiley Series in Renewable Resource SeriesPublisher: Newark : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2020Copyright date: ©2020Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (537 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9781119450498
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Chitin and ChitosanLOC classification:
  • TP248.65.C55 .C458 2020
Online resources:
Contents:
Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Sources of Chitin and Chitosan and their Isolation -- 1.1 Chitin and Chitosan -- 1.1.1 Chemical Structure -- 1.1.2 Different Crystalline Forms of Chitin -- 1.2 Sources of Chitin and Chitosan -- 1.2.1 Sources of Chitin -- 1.2.2 Sources for Chitosan -- 1.3 Isolation of Chitin -- 1.3.1 Technology Principles -- 1.3.2 Isolation of Chitin from Crustaceans -- 1.3.3 Isolation of Chitin from Insects -- 1.3.4 Isolation of Chitin from Other Biomass Types -- 1.4 Production of Chitosan -- 1.4.1 Conversion of Chitin to Chitosan -- 1.4.2 Chitosan Extracted from Fungi -- 1.5 Towards Commercial Applications -- 1.6 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 2 Methods of Isolating Chitin from Sponges (Porifera) -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Brief Overview of Classical Methods of Isolating Chitin from Invertebrates -- 2.3 The Modern Approach to Chitin Isolation from Sponges -- 2.3.1 Methods of Isolating Chitin from Glass Sponges (Hexactinellida) -- 2.3.2 Methods of Isolating Chitin from Demosponges (Demospongiae) -- 2.4 Prospective Applications of Poriferan Chitin -- 2.4.1 Poriferan Chitin and Modern Bioinspired Materials Science -- 2.4.2 Chitinous 3D Scaffolds of Sponge Origin for Tissue Engineering -- 2.5 Outlook -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 3 Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan and its Degradation Products -- 3.1 Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan -- 3.1.1 Determination of Molar Mass -- 3.1.2 Determination of the Deacetylation Degree -- 3.1.3 Determination of Dynamic Viscosity -- 3.1.4 Determination of Nitrogen -- 3.1.5 Determination of Ash Content -- 3.1.6 Determination of Heavy Metal Content -- 3.1.7 Determination of Water Retention Value (WRV) -- 3.1.8 Determination of Solubility in Hydrochloric Acid.
3.1.9 Determination of Water Content -- 3.1.10 Determination of Protein Content -- 3.1.11 Quantitative Determination of Chitosan by Ninhydrin -- 3.2 Products of Degradation and their Application -- 3.3 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 4 New Developments in the Analysis of Partially Acetylated Chitosan Polymers and Oligomers -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Chitosan Oligomers -- 4.2.1 Degree of Polymerisation (DP), Fraction and Pattern of Acetylation (FA and PA) -- 4.3 Chitosan Polymers -- 4.3.1 Molecular Weight (MW) / Degree of Polymerisation (DP) and its Dispersity (ÐMW / ÐDP) -- 4.3.2 Fraction of Acetylation (FA) and its Dispersity (ÐFA) -- 4.3.3 Pattern of Acetylation (PA) -- 4.4 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 5 Chitosan-Based Hydrogels -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Chitosan-Based Multilayered Hydrogels -- 5.2.1 Periodic Precipitation -- 5.2.2 Alternating Process -- 5.2.3 Induced by Electrical Signals -- 5.2.4 Layer-by-Layer (LbL) Assembly -- 5.2.5 Sequential Curing -- 5.3 Chitin/Chitosan Physical Hydrogels Based on Alkali/Urea Solvent System -- 5.3.1 Chitin Hydrogels Based on Alkali/Urea Solvent System -- 5.3.2 Chitosan Hydrogels Based on Alkali/Urea Solvent System -- 5.4 Chitosan-Based Injectable Hydrogels -- 5.4.1 Physical Association Networks -- 5.4.2 Chemical Association Networks -- 5.4.3 Double-Network Hydrogels -- 5.5 Chitosan-Based Self-Healing Hydrogels -- 5.5.1 Physical Interactions -- 5.5.2 Dynamic Chemical Bonds -- 5.6 Chitosan-Based Shape Memory Hydrogels -- 5.6.1 Water-/Solvent-Triggered Shape Recovery -- 5.6.2 pH-triggered Shape Recovery -- 5.6.3 Ultrasound Triggered Shape Recovery -- 5.6.4 Self-Actuated Shape Memory Hydrogels -- 5.6.5 Chitosan-Based Hydrogels with Triple Shape Memory Effect -- 5.7 Superabsorbent Chitosan-Based Hydrogels -- 5.7.1 Cross-Linked Chitosan-Based Hydrogels -- 5.7.2 Hydrogels by Graft Copolymerization.
5.7.3 Chitosan-Based Composite Hydrogels -- 5.7.4 Pure Chitosan-Based Materials -- 5.8 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 6 Beneficial Health Effects of Chitin and Chitosan -- 6.1 Immunomodulatory Effects of Chitin and Chitosan as Demonstrated with In Vitro Studies -- 6.2 Beneficial Health Effects Mediated by Chitin and Chitosan as Demonstrated with Animal Studies -- 6.2.1 Immune Modulation -- 6.2.2 Anti-Pathogenic Effects -- 6.2.3 Anti-Tumour Effects -- 6.3 Beneficial Health Effects Mediated by Chitin and Chitosan as Demonstrated with Clinical Trials -- 6.3.1 Cholesterol Reduction and CVD Preventive Effects -- 6.3.2 Other Health Effects -- 6.4 Requirements to forward the Field of Study Towards the Beneficial Health Effects of Chitin and Chitosan -- 6.5 Outlook -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 7 Antimicrobial Properties of Chitin and Chitosan -- 7.1 Microbiological Activity of Chitosan - The Mechanism of its Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity -- 7.2 The use of Chitin/Chitosan's Microbiological Activity in Medicine and Pharmacy -- 7.3 Microbiological Activity of Chitosan in the Food Industry -- 7.4 Microbiological Activity of Chitosan in Paper and Textile Industries -- 7.5 Microbiological Activity of Chitosan in Agriculture -- 7.6 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 8 Enzymes for Modification of Chitin and Chitosan -- 8.1 CAZymes in Chitin Degradation and Modification -- 8.1.1 Chitinases -- 8.1.2 β-N-acetylhexosaminidases -- 8.1.3 Exo-β-glucosaminidases -- 8.1.4 Chitosanases -- 8.1.5 Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases -- 8.1.6 Carbohydrate Esterases -- 8.1.7 Carbohydrate-Binding Modules -- 8.2 Modular Diversity in Chitinases, Chitosanases and LPMOs -- 8.3 Biological Roles of Chitin-Active Enzymes -- 8.4 Microbial Degradation and Utilisation of Chitin -- 8.4.1 Chitin Degradation by Serratia marcescens.
8.4.2 Chitin Degradation by Bacteria in the Bacteroidetes Phylum -- 8.4.3 Chitin Degradation by Thermococcus Kodakarensis -- 8.4.4 Chitin Degradation by Fungi -- 8.5 Biotechnological Perspectives -- 8.6 Biorefining of Chitin‐Rich Biomass -- 8.7 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 9 Chitin and Chitosan as Sources of Bio-Based Building Blocks and Chemicals -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Chitin Conversion into Chitosan, Chitooligosaccharides and Monosaccharides -- 9.2.1 Chitosan Production -- 9.2.2 Production of Chitooligosaccharides -- 9.2.3 Production of GlcNAc and GlcN from Chitin -- 9.3 Building Blocks for Polymers from Chitin and its Derivatives -- 9.3.1 Furan-Based Monomers -- 9.3.2 Amino Alcohol and Amino Acid Building Blocks -- 9.4 Outlook -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 10 Chemical and Enzymatic Modification of Chitosan to Produce New Functional Materials with Improved Properties -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Functional Chitosan Derivatives by Chemical and Enzymatic Modification -- 10.2.1 Anionic Chitosan Derivatives -- 10.2.2 Hydroxyalkylchitosans -- 10.2.3 Quaternised and Highly Cationic Chitosan Derivatives -- 10.2.4 Hydroxyaryl Chitosan Derivatives -- 10.2.5 Carbohydrate-Modified Chitosan -- 10.3 Graft Co-Polymers of Chitosan -- 10.4 Cross-Linked Chitosan and Chitosan Polymer Networks -- 10.5 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 11 Chitosan-Based DrugDelivery Systems -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Beneficial Effects of Chitosan -- 11.2.1 Interaction with Anionic Drugs -- 11.2.2 Mucoadhesive Properties -- 11.2.3 Transfection Activity -- 11.2.4 Efflux Pump Inhibitory Properties -- 11.2.5 Permeation-Enhancing Properties -- 11.3 Chitosan-an Active Polymer for Bypassing Biological Barriers -- 11.3.1 Skin Barrier -- 11.3.2 Mucosa Barrier -- 11.3.3 Ophthalmic Barrier -- 11.3.4 Blood-Brain Barrier -- 11.4 Chitosan-Based DDS Formulations.
11.4.1 Hydrogels -- 11.4.2 Micro/NPs -- 11.4.3 Nanofibers -- 11.4.4 Scaffolds and Membranes -- 11.5 Outlook -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 12 The Application of Chitin and its Derivatives for the Design of Advanced Medical Devices -- 12.1 Selection of the Raw Sources: Safety Criteria -- 12.1.1 Aspect of Animal Tissue-Originated Derivatives -- 12.1.2 General Requirements for Chitinous Biopolymers Applied in Designing Medical Devices -- 12.1.3 Characterisation of the Biopolymer for Application in Wound Dressing Designing -- 12.1.4 Aspect of the Sterilization of the Final Wound Dressing -- 12.2 Types of Wound Dressings Consisting of Chitin‐Derived Biopolymers Available in the Market -- 12.3 Performance and Safety Assessment -- 12.4 New Ideas and Concepts -- 12.5 Risk Acceptance and Design Process Aspects -- 12.6 Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 13 Food Applications of Chitosan and its Derivatives -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Chitosan and its Derivatives as Food Additive -- 13.2.1 Antioxidant -- 13.2.2 Antimicrobial -- 13.2.3 Stabilizer and Thickener -- 13.3 Functional Ingredient and Health Beneficial Effects -- 13.4 Active Packaging -- 13.5 Enzyme Immobilization -- 13.6 Encapsulation and Delivering of Bioactive Ingredients -- 13.7 Adsorption and Chelation of Toxic and Undesirable Compounds -- 13.8 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 14 Potential of Chitosans in the Development of Edible Food Packaging -- 14.1 Potential limitations for real introduction into the market -- 14.1.1 Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) -- 14.1.2 Solubility -- 14.1.3 Source-Origin -- 14.1.4 Structure variability -- 14.2 Films and coatings for food preservation -- 14.2.1 Definitions and interests -- 14.2.2 Main relevant chitosan-Based material properties -- 14.3 Specific case of chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) -- 14.3.1 CSNPs.
14.3.2 CSNPs in various edible films.
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Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Sources of Chitin and Chitosan and their Isolation -- 1.1 Chitin and Chitosan -- 1.1.1 Chemical Structure -- 1.1.2 Different Crystalline Forms of Chitin -- 1.2 Sources of Chitin and Chitosan -- 1.2.1 Sources of Chitin -- 1.2.2 Sources for Chitosan -- 1.3 Isolation of Chitin -- 1.3.1 Technology Principles -- 1.3.2 Isolation of Chitin from Crustaceans -- 1.3.3 Isolation of Chitin from Insects -- 1.3.4 Isolation of Chitin from Other Biomass Types -- 1.4 Production of Chitosan -- 1.4.1 Conversion of Chitin to Chitosan -- 1.4.2 Chitosan Extracted from Fungi -- 1.5 Towards Commercial Applications -- 1.6 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 2 Methods of Isolating Chitin from Sponges (Porifera) -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Brief Overview of Classical Methods of Isolating Chitin from Invertebrates -- 2.3 The Modern Approach to Chitin Isolation from Sponges -- 2.3.1 Methods of Isolating Chitin from Glass Sponges (Hexactinellida) -- 2.3.2 Methods of Isolating Chitin from Demosponges (Demospongiae) -- 2.4 Prospective Applications of Poriferan Chitin -- 2.4.1 Poriferan Chitin and Modern Bioinspired Materials Science -- 2.4.2 Chitinous 3D Scaffolds of Sponge Origin for Tissue Engineering -- 2.5 Outlook -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 3 Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan and its Degradation Products -- 3.1 Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan -- 3.1.1 Determination of Molar Mass -- 3.1.2 Determination of the Deacetylation Degree -- 3.1.3 Determination of Dynamic Viscosity -- 3.1.4 Determination of Nitrogen -- 3.1.5 Determination of Ash Content -- 3.1.6 Determination of Heavy Metal Content -- 3.1.7 Determination of Water Retention Value (WRV) -- 3.1.8 Determination of Solubility in Hydrochloric Acid.

3.1.9 Determination of Water Content -- 3.1.10 Determination of Protein Content -- 3.1.11 Quantitative Determination of Chitosan by Ninhydrin -- 3.2 Products of Degradation and their Application -- 3.3 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 4 New Developments in the Analysis of Partially Acetylated Chitosan Polymers and Oligomers -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Chitosan Oligomers -- 4.2.1 Degree of Polymerisation (DP), Fraction and Pattern of Acetylation (FA and PA) -- 4.3 Chitosan Polymers -- 4.3.1 Molecular Weight (MW) / Degree of Polymerisation (DP) and its Dispersity (ÐMW / ÐDP) -- 4.3.2 Fraction of Acetylation (FA) and its Dispersity (ÐFA) -- 4.3.3 Pattern of Acetylation (PA) -- 4.4 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 5 Chitosan-Based Hydrogels -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Chitosan-Based Multilayered Hydrogels -- 5.2.1 Periodic Precipitation -- 5.2.2 Alternating Process -- 5.2.3 Induced by Electrical Signals -- 5.2.4 Layer-by-Layer (LbL) Assembly -- 5.2.5 Sequential Curing -- 5.3 Chitin/Chitosan Physical Hydrogels Based on Alkali/Urea Solvent System -- 5.3.1 Chitin Hydrogels Based on Alkali/Urea Solvent System -- 5.3.2 Chitosan Hydrogels Based on Alkali/Urea Solvent System -- 5.4 Chitosan-Based Injectable Hydrogels -- 5.4.1 Physical Association Networks -- 5.4.2 Chemical Association Networks -- 5.4.3 Double-Network Hydrogels -- 5.5 Chitosan-Based Self-Healing Hydrogels -- 5.5.1 Physical Interactions -- 5.5.2 Dynamic Chemical Bonds -- 5.6 Chitosan-Based Shape Memory Hydrogels -- 5.6.1 Water-/Solvent-Triggered Shape Recovery -- 5.6.2 pH-triggered Shape Recovery -- 5.6.3 Ultrasound Triggered Shape Recovery -- 5.6.4 Self-Actuated Shape Memory Hydrogels -- 5.6.5 Chitosan-Based Hydrogels with Triple Shape Memory Effect -- 5.7 Superabsorbent Chitosan-Based Hydrogels -- 5.7.1 Cross-Linked Chitosan-Based Hydrogels -- 5.7.2 Hydrogels by Graft Copolymerization.

5.7.3 Chitosan-Based Composite Hydrogels -- 5.7.4 Pure Chitosan-Based Materials -- 5.8 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 6 Beneficial Health Effects of Chitin and Chitosan -- 6.1 Immunomodulatory Effects of Chitin and Chitosan as Demonstrated with In Vitro Studies -- 6.2 Beneficial Health Effects Mediated by Chitin and Chitosan as Demonstrated with Animal Studies -- 6.2.1 Immune Modulation -- 6.2.2 Anti-Pathogenic Effects -- 6.2.3 Anti-Tumour Effects -- 6.3 Beneficial Health Effects Mediated by Chitin and Chitosan as Demonstrated with Clinical Trials -- 6.3.1 Cholesterol Reduction and CVD Preventive Effects -- 6.3.2 Other Health Effects -- 6.4 Requirements to forward the Field of Study Towards the Beneficial Health Effects of Chitin and Chitosan -- 6.5 Outlook -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 7 Antimicrobial Properties of Chitin and Chitosan -- 7.1 Microbiological Activity of Chitosan - The Mechanism of its Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity -- 7.2 The use of Chitin/Chitosan's Microbiological Activity in Medicine and Pharmacy -- 7.3 Microbiological Activity of Chitosan in the Food Industry -- 7.4 Microbiological Activity of Chitosan in Paper and Textile Industries -- 7.5 Microbiological Activity of Chitosan in Agriculture -- 7.6 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 8 Enzymes for Modification of Chitin and Chitosan -- 8.1 CAZymes in Chitin Degradation and Modification -- 8.1.1 Chitinases -- 8.1.2 β-N-acetylhexosaminidases -- 8.1.3 Exo-β-glucosaminidases -- 8.1.4 Chitosanases -- 8.1.5 Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases -- 8.1.6 Carbohydrate Esterases -- 8.1.7 Carbohydrate-Binding Modules -- 8.2 Modular Diversity in Chitinases, Chitosanases and LPMOs -- 8.3 Biological Roles of Chitin-Active Enzymes -- 8.4 Microbial Degradation and Utilisation of Chitin -- 8.4.1 Chitin Degradation by Serratia marcescens.

8.4.2 Chitin Degradation by Bacteria in the Bacteroidetes Phylum -- 8.4.3 Chitin Degradation by Thermococcus Kodakarensis -- 8.4.4 Chitin Degradation by Fungi -- 8.5 Biotechnological Perspectives -- 8.6 Biorefining of Chitin‐Rich Biomass -- 8.7 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 9 Chitin and Chitosan as Sources of Bio-Based Building Blocks and Chemicals -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Chitin Conversion into Chitosan, Chitooligosaccharides and Monosaccharides -- 9.2.1 Chitosan Production -- 9.2.2 Production of Chitooligosaccharides -- 9.2.3 Production of GlcNAc and GlcN from Chitin -- 9.3 Building Blocks for Polymers from Chitin and its Derivatives -- 9.3.1 Furan-Based Monomers -- 9.3.2 Amino Alcohol and Amino Acid Building Blocks -- 9.4 Outlook -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 10 Chemical and Enzymatic Modification of Chitosan to Produce New Functional Materials with Improved Properties -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Functional Chitosan Derivatives by Chemical and Enzymatic Modification -- 10.2.1 Anionic Chitosan Derivatives -- 10.2.2 Hydroxyalkylchitosans -- 10.2.3 Quaternised and Highly Cationic Chitosan Derivatives -- 10.2.4 Hydroxyaryl Chitosan Derivatives -- 10.2.5 Carbohydrate-Modified Chitosan -- 10.3 Graft Co-Polymers of Chitosan -- 10.4 Cross-Linked Chitosan and Chitosan Polymer Networks -- 10.5 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 11 Chitosan-Based DrugDelivery Systems -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Beneficial Effects of Chitosan -- 11.2.1 Interaction with Anionic Drugs -- 11.2.2 Mucoadhesive Properties -- 11.2.3 Transfection Activity -- 11.2.4 Efflux Pump Inhibitory Properties -- 11.2.5 Permeation-Enhancing Properties -- 11.3 Chitosan-an Active Polymer for Bypassing Biological Barriers -- 11.3.1 Skin Barrier -- 11.3.2 Mucosa Barrier -- 11.3.3 Ophthalmic Barrier -- 11.3.4 Blood-Brain Barrier -- 11.4 Chitosan-Based DDS Formulations.

11.4.1 Hydrogels -- 11.4.2 Micro/NPs -- 11.4.3 Nanofibers -- 11.4.4 Scaffolds and Membranes -- 11.5 Outlook -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 12 The Application of Chitin and its Derivatives for the Design of Advanced Medical Devices -- 12.1 Selection of the Raw Sources: Safety Criteria -- 12.1.1 Aspect of Animal Tissue-Originated Derivatives -- 12.1.2 General Requirements for Chitinous Biopolymers Applied in Designing Medical Devices -- 12.1.3 Characterisation of the Biopolymer for Application in Wound Dressing Designing -- 12.1.4 Aspect of the Sterilization of the Final Wound Dressing -- 12.2 Types of Wound Dressings Consisting of Chitin‐Derived Biopolymers Available in the Market -- 12.3 Performance and Safety Assessment -- 12.4 New Ideas and Concepts -- 12.5 Risk Acceptance and Design Process Aspects -- 12.6 Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 13 Food Applications of Chitosan and its Derivatives -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Chitosan and its Derivatives as Food Additive -- 13.2.1 Antioxidant -- 13.2.2 Antimicrobial -- 13.2.3 Stabilizer and Thickener -- 13.3 Functional Ingredient and Health Beneficial Effects -- 13.4 Active Packaging -- 13.5 Enzyme Immobilization -- 13.6 Encapsulation and Delivering of Bioactive Ingredients -- 13.7 Adsorption and Chelation of Toxic and Undesirable Compounds -- 13.8 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 14 Potential of Chitosans in the Development of Edible Food Packaging -- 14.1 Potential limitations for real introduction into the market -- 14.1.1 Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) -- 14.1.2 Solubility -- 14.1.3 Source-Origin -- 14.1.4 Structure variability -- 14.2 Films and coatings for food preservation -- 14.2.1 Definitions and interests -- 14.2.2 Main relevant chitosan-Based material properties -- 14.3 Specific case of chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) -- 14.3.1 CSNPs.

14.3.2 CSNPs in various edible films.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.

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