Hoards, Grave Goods, Jewellery : Objects in Hoards and in Burial Contexts During the Mongol Invasion of Central-Eastern Europe.

Intro -- List of Figures -- Introduction -- CHAPTER ONE -- Jewellery of the High Middle Ages: Problems with research -- The intention and methodology of this study -- The medieval village of Kána: the state of the research -- Hoards -- Friesach coins -- The Fuchsenhof hoard -- Spatial interpretation of hoards -- Hoards in dating jewellery -- Churchyard cemeteries -- Destroyed settlements -- Summary -- Fig. 1. An example for the romantic display of the material culture of the conquering Hungarians. -- Fig. 2. Academic display of the most representative Conquest period finds. -- Fig. 3. Typical finds of the uppermost layer of commoners identified in field cemeteries. -- Fig. 4. Typical finds of field cemeteries of the commoners I. Rings, earrings, pearls, pendants, buttons. -- Fig. 5. Typical finds of field cemeteries of the commoners II: Majs-Udvari rétek. Lock rings, earrings, pearls, buttons. -- Fig. 6. Typical finds of field cemeteries of the commoners II: Majs-Udvari rétek. Pendants and mounts. -- Fig. 7. A typical field cemetery, Majs-Udvari rétek, and a method for analysation: coins. -- Fig. 8. Graves of a typical rural churchyard cemetery: Kána -- Fig. 9. Jewellery from the hoard of Pátroha - Butorka dűlő -- Fig. 10. Coins in 12-13th century Hungary. 1: 12th century anonym denars. -- Fig. 11. 13th century Hungarian coins. The imagery of the coins is influenced by Friesach-type denarius -- Fig. 12. The distribution of hoards connected to the Mongol invasion of Hungary by Csaba Tóth -- Fig. 13. The hoard of Tyukod-Bagolyvár. Jewellery and precious metal pieces. -- Fig. 14. An early example for a precise documentation of a churchyard cemetery by István Méri at Kide, in 1942. -- Fig. 15. Documentation of the superpositions of the graves at the cemetery of Kide.

Fig. 16. Typical remains of the destruction of the Mongol invasion. 1-2: People hid in an oven of a sunken house, Sz. Wilhelm, 'Szank', pp. 101. Pic. 5. Cegléd. 3: Disturbed remains of people sought refuge in a house which was burnt down -- CHAPTER TWO -- Typochronology of the Finds -- Lock rings -- Rings -- Brooches -- Circular brooches -- Bird shaped brooches -- Rhombus-shaped brooches -- Pins -- Buttons -- Belt Buckles -- Mounts -- A Pectoral Cross -- Conclusion -- The division of rural society visible in written sources -- Fig. 17. The phases of the cemetery of Kána. -- Fig. 18. Chronological order of the 10th-11th century finds of the Bjelo-Brdo culture. Giesler, 'Untersuchungen zur Chronologie', Table 53. -- Fig. 19. The common position of lock rings, examples from the cemetery of Kána. Graves 838, 1013, 1038. -- Fig. 20. Lock ring types of Kána village. 1: K/1037, 2: K/337, 3: K/633, 4: K/1977, 5: K/177, 6: K/2966, 7: K/2794, 8: K/2973, 9: K/2612. -- Fig. 21. The occurrence of lock rings in graves, hoards and settlement features -- Fig. 22. The common position of rings, examples from the cemetery of Kána. Graves 601, 861, 427, 947. -- Fig. 23. Ring types of the period. 1-8: Kána, 1: K/1794, 2: K/1777, 3: K/2778, 4: K/1821, 5: K/1732, 6: K/2600, 7: K/2100, 8: K/1976, 9: Tyukod-Bagolyvár, typical ring types of hoards - seal rings and rings with inset stones, Jakab and Balázs, Elrejtett k -- Fig. 24. Occurrence of finger rings in graves, hoards and settlement features. -- Fig. 25. Circular brooches. 1-2: Kána, K/ 14 and K/462, 3: Krásno, 4: Skalka nad Váhom, 5: Balota puszta, 6: Ducové, 7: Nitra-Dražovce -- Fig 26. Bird-shaped brooches. 1: Kána, 2: Lympne, 3: Greetwell, 4: Aslacton, 5: Leicester, 6: Lüneburg -- Fig. 27. Rhombus-shaped brooches. 1: Kána, 2: Mezőcsát, 3: Esztergom-Szentkirály -- Fig. 28. Pin from Kána, K/2667.

Fig. 29. Button types of Kána. 1: K/458, 2: K/2292, 3: K/456, 4: K/1170.1, 5: K/1170.2, 6: K/357 -- Fig. 30. The common position of buckles, examples from the cemetery of Kána. Graves 44, 903. -- Fig. 31. Belt buckles. 1-7 Kána, 1: K/731, 2: K/1170, 3: K/2392, 4: K/2789, 5: K/1731, 6: K/143, 7: K/465, 8: Héhalom, 9: Ecseg-Vároldal -- Fig. 32. Round, iron buckles. 1-2: Kána, K/1783, K/182, 3: Ducové, 4: Krásno -- Fig. 33. Belt buckles decorated with flower applications. 1: Kána, K/94, 2: Nitra-Dražovce, 3: Egisheim -- Fig. 34. The hoard of Esztergom-Szentkirályi földek. -- Fig. 35. The occurrence of buckles in graves, hoards and settlement features -- Fig. 36. Mounts from Kána. 1: K/312, 2: K/467, 3: K/2523 -- Fig. 37. An example for the use of pectoral crosses as part of a necklace in the 10-11th centuries, from Majs. -- Fig. 38. Pectoral cross from Kána, K/1725 -- Fig. 39. The comparative chronology of the artefacts. -- CHAPTER THREE -- The Material Culture of Hoards: A Socio-Economic Interpretation -- Socio-Economic Division and Jewellery -- The Economic Value of Jewellery -- Iron Tools, Socio-Economic Division, and the Material Culture of Hoards -- Fig. 40. Laszlovszky, 'Social Stratification', pp. 59-60. -- Fig. 41. Laszlovszky, 'Social Stratification', pp. 61-62. -- Fig. 42. Map of Medieval Clay Pots Found with Coins. -- Fig. 43. Jewellery from the Nyáregyháza-Pusztapótharaszt Hoard. -- Fig. 44. Gold S-ended Lock Rings. -- Fig. 45. An Example for Late Medieval Treasure: The Kelebia Hoard. -- Fig. 46. Golden Headpiece Found in a Burnt Down House at Szank. -- Fig. 47. The Karcag Hoard. -- Fig. 48. Golden Drop Headpiece from Tyukod-Bagolyvár. -- Fig. 49. An Example for the Characteristic Jewellery of Smaller Hoards: Zalaszentgrót. -- Fig. 50. An Example for the Different Composition of Iron Depots. 1: Nyáregyháza-Pusztapótharaszt,.

Fig. 52. Ashlar Framed and Simple Earth Graves from Kána Village. Graves 43, 373, 268, 84. -- Fig. 53. A Characteristic House Type for the Arpadian Age. 1: Reconstruction of a House in Kardosút. -- Fig. 54. Typical Arpadian Age Settlement Structures I. The Layout of the Sites Vecsés 67 and 98, with Chronologically Distinguished Features. -- Fig. 55. Typical Arpadian Age Settlement Structures II. The Layout of the Sites Üllő 1 and 2, with Chronologically Distinguished Features. Rácz, 'Az Árpád-kori települési formák', p. 180. -- Fig. 56. Reconstruction of a Typical Village Scene, Based on the Excavations at Tiszaeszlár-Bashalom. -- Bibliography -- Conclusion -- Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents.

This monograph examines one specific hoard horizon, which is connected to the Mongol invasion of Hungary (1241-42). Though this study focuses on hoards connected to the Mongol invasion, it is also relevant beyond this specific context.

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