Advances in Organic Synthesis Volume 7.

Intro -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- List of Contributors -- Small Molecules that Ameliorate Protein Mis-folding -- Paolo Ruzza* -- INTRODUCTION -- Protein Folding -- SMALL MOLECULES -- Small Molecules that Act as Pharmacological Chaperones -- Lipid Storage Disorders -- Amyloid Related Diseases -- Cystic Fibrosis -- Small Molecules that Act as Osmolytes -- Trehalose -- Trimethylamine N-Oxide -- EVALUATION OF SMALL MOLECULES EFFECTS ON PROTEIN FOLDING -- Circular Dichroism (CD) Spectroscopy -- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy -- OUTLOOK -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Peptides and Proteins -- Riaz A. Khan1,2,*, Mamuna Naz1, Minhajul Arfeen1 and Nahid Abbas1 -- INTRODUCTION: THE BACKGROUND, SIGNIFICANCE &amp -- PROSPECTS -- PEPTIDES &amp -- PROTEINS: THE CHEMICAL CORE, BONDING &amp -- STRUCTURE -- INTRICACIES IN THE FORMATION OF AN AMIDE BOND -- COUPLING REAGENTS: ADVANCES &amp -- CONCURRENT APPROACHES -- REACTION MEDIUM: THE ROLE IN COUPLING -- ACTIVATION OF COUPLING REAGENTS -- COUPLING REACTIONS -- MONITORING OF COUPLING, AND DEBLOCKING -- DETERMINATION OF LOAD -- DETERMINATION OF THE EXTENT OF CLEAVAGE -- PROTECTION STRATEGIES: PROTECTING GROUP (PG) AS THE BEGINNING OF SYNTHESIS -- CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF PEPTIDES &amp -- PROTEINS: THE MAJOR STRATEGIES -- SOLUTION PHASE SYNTHESIS (SPS): THE CLASSICAL WET CHEMISTRY -- SOLID PHASE PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS: THE TURNING POINT &amp -- CONCURRENT ADVANCES -- SPPS: THE COMPONENTS OF THE OPERATION &amp -- SOLID SUPPORTS' REQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS -- CLEAVAGE FROM THE SOLID SUPPORT: THE ROLE OF LINKER -- SYNTHESIS &amp -- USE OF A VIABLE LINKER: SPPS OF A BACTERIAL ORIGIN OCTAPEPTIDE SEQUENCE -- APPROACHES FOR SPPS: ASPECTS OF EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGIES SEQUENTIAL SYNTHESIS -- CONVERGENT SYNTHESIS.

SYNTHETIC MODIFICATIONS OF PEPTIDES: THE STRUCTURAL DIVERSIFICATION -- MODIFIED PEPTIDES: PHARMACEUTICALLY ACTIVE PEPTIDIC ENTITIES -- SYNTHESIS OF LONG-CHAIN PEPTIDES: EXAMPLES, ACCOMPLISHMENTS &amp -- CHALLENGES -- USE OF MICROWAVE IRRADIATION IN PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS -- THE LIGATION OF PEPTIDES: DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TECHNIQUES -- CHEMICAL LIGATION: PROTOTYPICAL PROCESS &amp -- EXPANSION OF APPROACH -- PREPARATION OF PEPTIDE C-TERMINAL THIOESTER BY BOC-SPPS METHOD -- PREPARATION OF PEPTIDE C-TERMINAL THIOESTERS BY FMOC-SPPS METHOD -- THE NATIVE CHEMICAL LIGATION (NCL) OR, TRANS-THIOESTERIFICATION -- CYSTEINE BASED STRATEGIES FOR NCL: PREPARATION OF NON-THIOL PEPTIDES -- APPROACH TO CYSTEINE SURROGATE: AUXILIARIES, SOLVENT, DETERGENT &amp -- SOLUBILIZING TAGS -- PEPTIDE LIGATION WITH SULFUR: PRIOR THIOL CAPTURE FOR 'NCL' -- ACYL-INITIATED CAPTURE: MAINTAINING 'CYS' AT LIGATION JUNCTION -- SERINE AND THREONINE BASED LIGATIONS -- APPROACHES WITH SELENIUM -- CONFORMATIONALLY ASSISTED LIGATION -- THE KAHA METHOD -- THE STAUDINGER LIGATION -- ONE-POT STRATEGIES FOR ASSEMBLING PEPTIDE FRAGMENTS -- MULTIPLE SEGMENT LIGATION STRATEGIES -- CONVENTIONAL &amp -- NON-CONVENTIONAL APPROACHES TO INVERSE SYNTHESIS: C-TO-N DIRECTION APPROACH -- N-TO-C DIRECTION APPROACH -- SYNTHESIS OF ACTIVATED PEPTIDES: OMER (O-MERCAPTOARYL ESTER REARRANGEMENT) APPROACH -- PREPARATION OF THIOPEPTIDES: INTRODUCTION OF DISULFIDE LINKAGES -- THE CYSTEINE-KNOT PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS -- SYNTHESIS OF CYCLIC PEPTIDES -- EXPRESSED PROTEIN LIGATION: THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF PEPTIDE FRAGMENT -- POST-TRANSLATIONALLY MODIFIED PROTEINS -- SYNTHESIS OF TRANSMEMBRANE (TM) PEPTIDES &amp -- PROTEINS SPECIFIC PROTOCOLS &amp -- TECHNIQUES: USE OF N-BACKBONE MODIFICATIONS -- ADDITION OF O-ACYL ISOPEPTIDE UNIT -- LIGATION STRATEGIES -- SITE-SPECIFIC MANIPULATION -- SYNTHESIS OF ISOTOPE-LABELED MEMBRANE PROTEINS.

CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF PROTEINS: RECENT EXAMPLES OF BIOACTIVE SEQUENCES ERYTHROPOIETIN -- CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF INSULIN -- PROTEIN SYNTHESIS PROTOCOLS: EXPERIMENTAL AND PROCEDURAL ASPECTS -- FUNCTIONAL BIOCONJUGATES: JOINING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS TOGETHER -- FOLDING OF SYNTHETIC POLYPEPTIDES: CONFORMATIONAL ASPECTS -- ANALYTICAL METHODS: THE CONFIRMATION OF SYNTHESIS &amp -- TERTIARY STRUCTURE -- BULK SYNTHESIS OF PEPTIDES &amp -- PROTEINS: THE SCALE-UP -- ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS: THE FALL-OUT &amp -- NEEDED ADVANCEMENT(S) -- THE SCOPE &amp -- APPLICATIONS: PEPTIDES &amp -- PROTEINS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY -- CURRENT ROLES &amp -- FUTURE PROSPECTS OF PROTEINS &amp -- PEPTIDES -- SUMMARY -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Bioorthogonal Coupling Strategies Used in Pretargeted Nuclear Imaging and Radiotherapy -- Justin J. Bailey1,*, Carmen Wängler2, Björn Wängler3 and Ralf Schirrmacher1 -- INTRODUCTION -- Non-Covalent Ligation Techniques -- Biotin/ (Strept) Avidin Coupling -- Bispecific Antibodies/Radiolabeled Haptens Coupling -- Chemical Ligation Techniques -- Staudinger Ligation -- Strain-Promoted Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition -- Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder -- CONCLUSION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Different Concepts of Catalysis in the Synthesis of Xanthenediones: A Brief Overview -- Milene Lopes da Silva1, Róbson Ricardo Teixeira1,* and Giovanni Wilson Amarante2 -- XANTHENEDIONES: IMPORTANCE AND SYNTHESIS -- CATALYSTS USED IN XANTHENEDIONE SYNTHESIS -- Lewis Acids -- Brønsted Acid -- Lewis and Brønsted acid -- Organocatalysts -- Ionic liquids -- Nanocatalysts -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Heterogeneous Catalysts in Organic Synthesis: From Nanoscale to Single Atomic Level -- Min Li and Jingqi Guan* -- INTRODUCTION.

SYNTHESIS OF SINGLE ATOM CATALYST -- Atomic Layer Deposition -- Photochemical Technique -- Mass-Selected Soft-Landing Strategy -- Chemical Reduction Method -- Co-precipitation Method -- Solid Melting Method -- Galvanic Replacement Reaction Method -- High Temperature Vapor Migration Approach -- Cyanide Leaching Method -- Impregnation Method -- Organometallic Complex Method -- Nitrogen Coordination Method -- Pyrolysis of MOFs -- Chemical Vapor Deposition -- PERFORMANCE OF SINGLE ATOM CATALYSTS -- High Activity -- Up to 100% Atomic Utilization -- Metal-Support Interaction -- Unsaturated Coordination Environment -- High Selectivity -- High Stability -- IDENTIFYING THE ACTIVE SITES -- APPLICATION OF SINGLE ATOM CATALYSTS -- CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- SUBJECT INDEX.

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