Research Design and Analysis : A Primer for the Non-Statistician.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Introduction -- Section 1 The Purpose, Ethics, and Rules of Research -- Chapter 1 The Purpose and Ethics of Research -- 1.1 The Purpose and Risks of Research -- 1.2 History of Harm to Humans -- 1.3 Ethical Issues in the Social Sciences -- 1.4 History of Harm to Animal Subjects in Research -- 1.4.1 Summary -- 1.5 Ethics, Principles, and Guidelines -- 1.6 Statutes and Regulations Protecting Humans and Animals in Research -- 1.7 More About Informed Consent -- 1.8 The Importance of Freedom to Withdraw -- 1.9 Separation of Provider-Researcher Role -- 1.10 Undue Influence -- 1.11 Anonymity -- 1.12 Summary -- Section 2 Basic Research Designs and Validity -- Chapter 2 Research Validity -- 2.1 Internal Validity -- 2.1.1 History -- 2.1.2 Maturation -- 2.1.3 Measurement Error -- 2.1.4 Selection Bias and Random Assignment -- 2.1.5 Attrition -- 2.1.6 Experimenter Bias -- 2.1.7 Expectation -- 2.1.8 Sensitization and Practice Effects -- 2.1.9 Incorrect Conclusions of Causality -- 2.2 External Validity -- 2.3 Summary -- Chapter 3 Research Designs -- 3.1 The Lingo -- 3.2 Between‐Subjects Designs -- 3.2.1 More Examples of Between‐Subjects Designs -- 3.2.2 Statistical Analyses for Between‐Subjects Designs -- 3.3 Within‐Subjects Designs/Repeated Measures -- 3.3.1 Statistical Analyses for Within‐Subjects Designs -- 3.4 Between-Within Subjects Designs (Mixed Factorial/Split‐Plot Designs) -- 3.4.1 Statistical Analyses for Between-Within Subjects Designs -- 3.5 Latin Square Designs -- 3.5.1 Summary -- 3.5.2 Double Latin Square Designs -- 3.5.3 Graeco‐Latin and Hyper Graeco‐Latin Square Designs -- 3.6 Nesting -- 3.7 Matching -- 3.8 Blocking -- 3.9 Nonexperimental Research -- 3.10 Case Studies -- 3.11 Summary -- Section 3 The Nuts and Bolts of Data Analysis -- Chapter 4 Interpretation.

4.1 Probability and Significance -- 4.2 The Null Hypothesis, Type I (α), and Type II (β) Errors -- 4.3 Power -- 4.4 Managing Error Variance to Improve Power -- 4.5 Power Analyses -- 4.6 Effect Size -- 4.7 Confidence Intervals and Precision -- 4.8 Summary -- Chapter 5 Parametric Statistical Techniques -- 5.1 A Little More Lingo -- 5.1.1 Population Parameters Versus Sample Statistics -- 5.1.2 Data -- 5.1.2.1 Ratio and Interval Data -- 5.1.2.2 Ordinal Data -- 5.1.2.3 Nominal Data -- 5.1.3 Central Tendency -- 5.1.3.1 Mode -- 5.1.3.2 Median -- 5.1.3.3 Mean -- 5.1.4 Distributions -- 5.1.5 Dependent Variables -- 5.1.5.1 To Scale or Not to Scale -- 5.1.6 Summary -- 5.2 t Tests -- 5.2.1 Independent Samples t Tests -- 5.2.2 Matched Group Comparison -- 5.2.3 Assumptions of t Tests -- 5.2.4 More Examples of Studies Employing t Tests -- 5.2.5 Statistical Software Packages for Conducting t Tests -- 5.3 The NOVAs and Mixed Linear Model Analysis -- 5.3.1 ANOVA -- 5.3.1.1 ANOVA with a Multifactorial Design -- 5.3.1.2 Main Effects and Interactions -- 5.3.1.3 More Illustrations of Interactions and Main Effects -- 5.3.1.4 Assumptions of ANOVA -- 5.3.2 ANCOVA -- 5.3.3 MANOVA/MANCOVA -- 5.3.4 Statistical Software Packages for Conducting ANOVA/ANCOVA/MANOVA -- 5.3.5 Repeated Measures: ANOVA‐RM and Mixed Linear Model Analysis -- 5.3.5.1 ANOVA‐RM -- 5.3.5.2 Mixed Linear Model Analysis -- 5.3.5.3 ANCOVA -- 5.3.5.4 Statistical Software Packages for Conducting Repeated Measures Analyses -- 5.3.6 Summary -- 5.4 Correlation and Regression -- 5.4.1 Correlation and Multiple Correlation -- 5.4.2 Regression and Multiple Regression -- 5.4.3 Statistical Software Packages for Conducting Correlation and Regression -- 5.5 Logistic Regression -- 5.5.1 Statistical Software Packages for Conducting Logistic Regression -- 5.6 Discriminant Function Analysis.

5.6.1 Statistical Software Packages for Conducting Discriminant Function Analysis -- 5.7 Multiple Comparisons -- 5.8 Summary -- Chapter 6 Nonparametric Statistical Techniques -- 6.1 Chi‐Square -- 6.1.1 Statistical Software Packages for Conducting Chi‐Square -- 6.2 Median Test -- 6.2.1 Statistical Software Packages for Conducting Median Tests -- 6.3 Phi Coefficient -- 6.3.1 Statistical Software Packages for Calculating the Phi Coefficient -- 6.4 Mann-Whitney U Test (Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test) -- 6.4.1 Statistical Software Packages for Conducting a Mann-Whitney U Test -- 6.5 Sign Test and Wilcoxon Signed‐rank Test -- 6.5.1 Statistical Software Packages for Conducting Sign Tests -- 6.6 Kruskal-Wallis Test -- 6.6.1 Statistical Software Packages for Conducting a Kruskal-Wallis Test -- 6.7 Rank‐Order Correlation -- 6.7.1 Statistical Software Packages for Conducting Rank‐order Correlations -- 6.8 Summary -- Chapter 7 Meta‐Analytic Studies -- 7.1 The File Drawer Effect -- 7.2 Analyzing the Meta‐Analytic Data -- 7.3 How to Read and Interpret a Paper Reporting a Meta‐Analysis -- 7.4 Statistical Software Packages for Conducting Meta‐Analyses -- 7.5 Summary -- Section 4 Reporting, Understanding, and Communicating Research Findings -- Chapter 8 Disseminating Your Research Findings -- 8.1 Preparing a Research Report -- 8.2 Presenting Your Findings at a Conference -- 8.3 Summary -- Chapter 9 Concluding Remarks -- 9.1 Why Is It Important to Understand Research Design and Analysis as a Consumer? -- 9.2 Research Ethics and Responsibilities of Journalists -- 9.3 Responsibilities of Researchers -- 9.4 Conclusion -- Appendix A Data Sets and Databases -- A.1. Contents of a Data Set -- A.2. Missing Data and Data Entry Errors -- A.3. Database Programs -- A.3.1 Microsoft Access -- A.3.2 REDCap -- A.4. Database and Data Set Summary -- Appendix B Statistical Analysis Packages.

B.1. SAS®, SPSS®, R, and Stata® -- B.2. Sample Statistical Analyses Using SAS -- B.3. Summary -- Appendix C Helpful Statistics Resources -- C.1. Statistics Textbooks -- C.2. Statistics Websites -- Glossary -- References -- Index -- EULA.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.