The Rare Earth Elements : An Introduction.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 The Rare Earth Elements---A Special Group of Metals -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Atomic Structure -- 1.3 Radioactivity -- 1.4 Name -- 1.5 Geochemical Behavior -- 1.6 The Deposit at Ytterby -- References -- 2 The Ore Minerals and Major Ore Deposits of the Rare Earths -- Abstract -- 2.1 Major Ore Minerals -- 2.1.1 Monazite -- 2.1.2 Bastnaesite -- 2.1.3 Xenotime -- 2.1.4 Eudialyte -- 2.2 Minor REE Minerals -- 2.3 REE-Containing Rocks -- 2.4 Ore Deposits of the Rare Earths -- 2.4.1 Mountain Pass -- 2.4.2 Bayan Obo, Inner Mongolia, China -- 2.4.3 Mount Weld, South-West Australia -- 2.4.4 Il00EDmaussaq Alkaline Complex, South Greenland -- 2.4.4.1 Kvanefjeld -- 2.4.4.2 Kringlerne (a.k.a. Tanbreez) -- 2.4.4.3 Motzfeldt REE Deposit -- 2.4.5 Pilanesberg, South Africa -- 2.4.6 Steenkampskraal, South Africa -- 2.4.7 Hoidas Lake, Canada -- 2.4.8 Thor Lake -- 2.4.9 Strange Lake and Misery Lake -- 2.4.9.1 Strange Lake -- 2.4.9.2 Misery Lake -- 2.4.10 Nolans Bore Deposit, Australia -- 2.4.11 Norra Kärr, Sweden -- 2.4.12 Lovozero and Khibina Massifs, Kola Peninsula, Russia -- 2.4.13 Nkwombwa Hill Carbonatite Deposit, Zambia, and Other East- and Middle-African REE-Deposits -- 2.4.14 Maoniuping, Sichuan, China -- 2.4.15 Chinese Ion Adsorption Deposits -- 2.4.16 Dong Pao, Vietnam -- 2.5 Resources in the Deep Sea -- 2.5.1 Pelagic Muds -- 2.5.2 Crusts on Seamounts -- 2.5.3 Exploitation of Deep-Sea Deposits -- References -- 3 Physical and Chemical Properties of the Rare Earths -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Lanthanide Series -- 3.2.1 Lanthanide Oxides -- 3.2.2 Scandium and Yttrium -- 3.3 The Lanthanide Contraction -- 3.4 Radioactivity and Isotopes -- 3.4.1 Lanthanum (Element 57) -- 3.4.2 Cerium (Element 58) -- 3.4.3 Praseodymium (Element 59) -- 3.4.4 Neodymium (Element 60) -- 3.4.5 Promethium (Element 61).

3.4.6 Samarium (Element 62) -- 3.4.7 Europium (Element 63) -- 3.4.8 Gadolinium (Element 64) -- 3.4.9 Terbium (Element 65) -- 3.4.10 Dysprosium (Element 66) -- 3.4.11 Holmium (Element 67) -- 3.4.12 Erbium (Element 68) -- 3.4.13 Thulium (Element 69) -- 3.4.14 Ytterbium (Element 70) -- 3.4.15 Lutetium (Element 71) -- 3.5 Magnetism -- 3.6 Chemical Behavior -- 3.6.1 Air and Oxygen -- 3.6.2 Nitrogen -- 3.6.3 Hydrogen -- 3.6.4 Carbon -- 3.6.5 Silicon -- 3.6.6 Refractory Metals -- 3.6.7 Acids and Bases -- 3.6.8 Water -- 3.7 Luminescence -- References -- 4 Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy of the Rare Earths -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Mineral Processing and Extraction of Rare Earths -- 4.2.1 Hard Rock Deposits -- 4.2.1.1 Liberation -- 4.2.1.2 Mineral Separation (Flotation) -- 4.2.1.3 Mineral Processing at Mountain Pass, Bayan Obo, and Mount Weld -- 4.2.2 Placer Deposits -- 4.2.3 Chemical Treatment to Decompose the Mineral Concentrates -- 4.2.3.1 Monazite -- 4.2.3.2 Bastnaesite -- 4.2.3.3 Chlorination -- 4.2.3.4 Xenotime -- 4.2.3.5 Gadolinite -- 4.2.3.6 Euxenite -- 4.2.3.7 Loparite, Pyrochlore, Fergusonite and Samarskite -- 4.2.3.8 Apatite -- 4.3 Separation Processes -- 4.3.1 Selective Oxidation -- 4.3.2 Selective Reduction -- 4.3.3 Fractional Crystallization -- 4.3.4 Fractional Precipitation -- 4.3.5 Ion Exchange -- 4.3.6 Solvent Extraction -- 4.4 Scandium -- References -- 5 Applications of the Rare Earths -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Scandium -- 5.3 Yttrium -- 5.4 Lanthanum -- 5.4.1 Alloy -- 5.4.2 Batteries -- 5.4.3 Catalyst -- 5.4.4 Special Optical Glasses -- 5.4.5 Superconductor -- 5.4.6 Phosphors -- 5.5 Cerium -- 5.5.1 Polishing Compound -- 5.5.2 Fluid Catalytic Cracking -- 5.5.3 Catalytic Converter -- 5.5.4 Component in Special Glass -- 5.5.5 Alloys -- 5.5.6 Pigment -- 5.5.7 Other -- 5.6 Praeseodymium -- 5.7 Neodymium.

5.8 Promethium -- 5.9 Samarium -- 5.10 Europium -- 5.11 Gadolinium -- 5.12 Terbium -- 5.13 Dysprosium -- 5.14 Holmium -- 5.15 Erbium -- 5.16 Thulium -- 5.17 Ytterbium -- 5.18 Lutetium -- References -- 6 Economic Aspects of the Rare Earths -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Global REE Production -- 6.3 How China Became the World's Largest REE Producer -- 6.4 The REE-Crisis (2009--2013) -- References -- 7 Recycling of Rare Earths -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Sources for Recycling -- 7.2.1 Permanent Magnets -- 7.2.2 Lamp Phosphors -- 7.2.3 CRT Screens and Flat-Panel Screens -- 7.2.4 Polishing Media -- 7.2.5 Nickel-Metal-Hydride Batteries -- 7.2.6 Bulk-Waste Products -- 7.3 Recycling, Pros and Cons -- References.

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