Plant Cyclotides.

Front Cover -- ADVANCES IN BOTANICAL RESEARCH -- Plant Cyclotides -- Copyright -- Contents -- CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- One - Overview on the Discovery and Applications of Cyclotides -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Two - Cyclotides in the Violaceae -- 1. THE DISCOVERY OF CYCLOTIDES IN VIOLACEAE -- 2. UNLOCKING THE CYCLOTIDE LIBRARY -- 3. THE VIOLACEAE -- 4. VIOLACEAE-THE PHARMACOPOEIA -- 5. GROWING NEEDS AND SOURCES OF CYCLOTIDES -- 6. COMPLETING THE CIRCLE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Three - Cyclotides in the Rubiaceae -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. DISCOVERY OF CYCLOTIDES -- 2.1 Cyclotide Analytical Screening Workflow -- 2.2 Cyclotides Sequence Analysis Using Transcriptomics and Peptidomics -- 3. DISTRIBUTION OF CYCLOTIDES IN RUBIACEAE -- 3.1 Rubiaceae-An Overview -- 3.2 Morphology and Taxonomy of Rubiaceae -- 3.3 Distribution of Cyclotides within Rubiaceae -- 3.4 Cyclotide Precursors of Rubiaceae Plants -- 3.5 Cyclotide Sequence Variations within Rubiaceae -- 3.6 Distribution of Cyclotides in Other Gentianales -- 4. EVOLUTION OF CYCLOTIDES -- 5. BIOACTIVITIES OF RUBIACEAE CYCLOTIDES -- 6. CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Four - Cyclotides from Chinese Plants -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chemical Detection Method for Cyclotides -- 3. Distribution and Chemotaxonomy of Cyclotides in Chinese Plants -- 4. Extraction, Isolation and Structural Elucidation of Cyclotides in Chinese Plants -- 4.1 Extraction and Isolation of Cyclotides in Chinese Plants -- 4.2 Tandem MS Sequencing of Cyclotides in Chinese Plants -- 4.3 NMR Characterization of Cyclotides in Chinese Plants -- 5. Biological Activity of Cyclotides in Chinese Plants -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Five - Primary Structural Analysis of Cyclotides -- 1. CYCLOTIDE DISCOVERY-UNTANGLING THE CYSTINE KNOT -- 2. TOOLS FOR PEPTIDE SEQUENCE ASSIGNMENT.

2.1 Gene Sequencing -- 2.2 Genome Mining -- 2.3 Next-Generation Sequencing -- 2.4 Peptide Extraction and Purification -- 2.5 Acid Hydrolysis and Amino Acid Analysis -- 2.6 Edman Degradation -- 2.7 Chemical and Enzymatic Digestion -- 3. MASS SPECTROMETRY -- 3.1 Ionization -- 3.1.1 Electrospray Ionization -- 3.1.2 Nanoelectrospray Ionization -- 3.1.3 Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry -- 3.2 Mass Analyzers -- 3.2.1 Quadrupole Mass Analyzers -- 3.2.2 TOF Mass Analyzers -- 3.3 Peptide Sequencing -- 4. APPLICATION OF MASS SPECTROMETRY TO CYCLOTIDE SEQUENCING -- 4.1 MS Analysis of Cyclotides -- 4.2 Tandem Mass Spectrometric (MS/MS) Analysis of Cyclotides -- 4.3 Application of "Omics" Technologies to Cyclotide Sequencing -- 5. CHALLENGES AND COMPLEXITIES -- 5.1 Co-eluting, Isobaric Peptides -- 5.2 N/D Isoforms -- 5.3 Unknown Genomes/Incomplete DBs -- 6. FUTURE PROSPECTS -- 6.1 Transcriptomics and Bioinformatics -- 6.2 Automation and Robotics -- 6.3 Advances in MS Hardware -- 6.4 Advances in MS Software -- 7. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- Six - Structural Studies of Cyclotides -- 1. THE CYCLIC CYSTINE KNOT -- 2. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF CYCLOTIDES -- 2.1 Structural Studies -- 2.2 Möbius, Bracelets, and Trypsin Inhibitors -- 2.3 Secondary Structure and Hydrogen Bonds -- 2.4 The Role of the Conserved Loop 1 Glutamic Acid -- 2.5 The Hydrophobic Patch -- 3. IMPORTANCE OF THE CYCLIC BACKBONE -- 4. DYNAMICS OF CYCLOTIDE STRUCTURES -- 5. SELF-ASSOCIATION OF CYCLOTIDES -- 6. MEMBRANE INTERACTIONS OF CYCLOTIDES -- 7. GRAFTING OF NON-NATIVE SEQUENCES -- 8. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Seven - Natural Functions and Structure-Activity Relationships of Cyclotides -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. PESTICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF CYCLOTIDES -- 2.1 Insecticidal Activity -- 2.2 Anthelmintic Activity -- 2.3 Molluscicidal Activity.

3. PHARMACEUTICAL ACTIVITIES OF CYCLOTIDES -- 3.1 Uterotonic Activity -- 3.2 Anti-HIV Activity -- 3.3 Antimicrobial Activity -- 3.4 Immunosuppressive Activity -- 4. CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES OF CYCLOTIDES -- 4.1 Hemolytic Activity -- 4.2 Cancer Cell Toxicity -- 5. STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS -- 5.1 Point Mutagenesis -- 5.2 Scanning Mutagenesis -- 5.3 Disulfide Bond Mutants -- 5.4 Acyclic Derivatives -- 5.5 Loop Substitution and Grafting -- 6. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Eight - Biosynthesis of Cyclotides -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CYCLOTIDES ARE GENE PRODUCTS -- 3. THE CYCLOTIDE PROCESSING PATHWAY -- 4. SEQUENCE REQUIREMENTS FOR CYCLIZATION -- 4.1 Sequence Conservation -- 4.2 Mutagenesis in Transgenic Plants -- 4.3 Atypical Cyclotide Maturation -- 4.4 Substrate Sequence Requirements for VPE-Mediated Transpeptidation -- 4.5 Summary -- 5. CIRCULARIZATION OF CYCLOTIDES IS MEDIATED BY A VACUOLAR PROCESSING ENZYME (VPE) -- 5.1 VPE is the Likey Cyclotide Cyclase -- 5.2 Cyclization by a Modified Covalent Proteolysis Mechanism -- 6. VACUOLAR PROCESSING ENZYMES (VPES) -- 6.1 Isolation and Substrate Specificity -- 6.2 Biosynthesis and Expression of Plant VPEs -- 6.3 Structural Features of VPEs -- 6.4 VPE Functions -- 6.5 Summary -- 7. CIRCULARIZATION OF OTHER BACKBONE CYCLIZED PEPTIDES -- 7.1 VPE Involvement in Cyclization of Other Cyclic Protein Families -- 7.2 Cyclization by Other Enzymes -- 7.3 A Unique Ligation Mechanism -- 7.4 Enzymatic Cyclization in Biotechnology -- 8. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Nine - Chemical and Biological Production of Cyclotides -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF CYCLOTIDES -- 2.1 Cyclization by Intramolecular Native Chemical Ligation -- 2.1.1 Synthesis of α-Thioester Peptides by tert-Butyloxycarbonyl -Based Chemistry.

2.1.2 Synthesis of α-Thioester Peptides by 9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-Based Chemistry -- 2.1.2.1 Trityl Resin -- 2.1.2.2 Sulfonamide Linker -- 2.1.2.3 3,4-Diaminobenzoic acid (Dbz) Linker -- 2.2 Cyclization by Intramolecular Head-To-Tail Chemical Ligation -- 2.3 Cyclization by Chemoenzymatic-Mediated Ligation -- 2.3.1 Trypsin-Mediated Backbone Cyclization -- 2.3.2 Butelase-Mediated Backbone Cyclization -- 2.3.3 Sortase-Mediated Backbone Cyclization -- 3. BIOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS OF CYCLOTIDES -- 3.1 Intein-Mediated Backbone Cyclization -- 3.2 Thiol-Induced N→S Acyl Backbone Cyclization -- 3.3 Sortase-Induced Backbone Cyclization -- 3.4 Backbone Cyclization Using Intein-Mediated Protein Trans-Splicing -- 4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Ten - Cyclotides in a Biotechnological Context: Opportunities and Challenges -- 1. CYCLOTIDES IN A BIOTECHNOLOGICAL CONTEXT -- 1.1 Insecticidal Applications -- 1.1.1 Cyclotides as Insecticidal Sprays -- 1.1.2 Cyclotides as Nematicides -- 1.1.3 Genetic Engineering for Insect Resistance -- 1.2 Pharmaceutical Applications -- 1.2.1 Cyclotide Grafts for Extracellular Targets -- 1.2.1.1 Controlling Angiogenesis -- 1.2.1.2 Antiobesity -- 1.2.1.3 Multiple Sclerosis -- 1.2.1.4 Pain -- 1.2.1.5 Immunosuppressants -- 1.2.2 Cyclotide Grafts for Intracellular Targets -- 1.3 Other Potential Areas of Exploration -- 1.3.1 Antifouling and Biofilm Formation -- 2. CYCLOTIDE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS -- 2.1 Strategies and Goals of Cyclotide Production In Planta -- 2.2 Expression Considerations -- 2.2.1 Plant-Based Pharma-A Short History -- 3. MARKET ANALYSIS OF CYCLOTIDES IN PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY -- 3.1 Cyclotides for Medicines -- 3.2 Cyclotides as Insecticides or Cyclotides in Plant Protection -- 3.3 Advantages of Cyclotide Production in Plants -- 3.4 Consumer Market Value of Cyclotides.

4. FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR CYCLOTIDES AND PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY -- 4.1 Cyclotides for the Developing World -- 4.2 Genome Editing and Cyclotide Production -- 4.3 Artificially Optimized Biosynthetic Enzymes -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- SUBJECT INDEX -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z -- AUTHOR INDEX -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z -- Back Cover.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.